SURVEYING ENGINEERING

Assistant Professor Rajiv Kumar

TRINITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH, PUNE

Teaching Scheme Lectures: 04 hours/week Practical: 02 hours/week Drawing: 02 hours/week

Examination Scheme Paper: 100 marks (03 hours) Term Work: 25 marks Practical: 50 marks

Why Use Compass

Disadvantage of chain surveying: Only distances are measured Area is to be covered with a network of triangles Not sufficient and convenient for large area
To overcome this problem use sort of instrument which enables

angle or direction of the survey lines to be observed.

Compass is an instrument which can be used to measure the

direction of a survey line with respect to magnetic north-south

Types of Compass
The types of compass that are used commonly are: (i) prismatic compass; and (ii) surveyor compass. The essential parts of both type are: (i) a magnetic needle, (ii) a graduated circle, (iii) a line of sight, and (iv) a box to house them.

Prismatic compass

Method of Using A Compass

To take a reading from a compass, the following temporary adjustments are required:
Centring: The compass should be fixed to the stand and set

over the station. To centre the compass legs of the tripod stand should be moved inward-outward or in a circumferential direction. To check centering plumb may be used or a pebble dropped from the centre of the compass.

Method of Using A Compass

Levelling: In compass survey perfect levelling is not necessary, but it should be sufficient to permit free suspension of magnetic needle. For checking levelling a bubble level is provided in many compasses. After centring bubble should be ensured in the middle of the circle provided for it in the level. If it is not within that circle, circumferential movements may be provided to the legs of tripod so that without disturbing centring the levelling is achieved. Focussing the prism: In prismatic compass, to focus the prism on graduated circle, its attachment is slided up or down till the readings are clearly visible. There is no such requirement in surveyors compass.

The following steps are required for observing bearing of a line, say, AB: (i) Centre the compass over A. (ii) Level the compass. (iii) Focus the prism, if prismatic compass is used. (iv) Rotate the box till ranging rod at B is sighted through the line of sight. (v) Bring the needle to rest using knob. (vi) Take the reading and note it in the field book.

Bearing and meridian

The magnetic north-south direction which is the reference direction is called meridian (reference direction) The angle between the line and the meridian is called bearing. Types of meridian: 1) True meridian 2) Magnetic meridian 3) Arbitrary meridian

Compass traversing: Important Definition

True meridian: Line or plane passing through

geographical north pole and geographical south pole True bearing: true bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with the true meridian through one of the extremities of the line.

North pole True meridian True bearing Magnetic bearing

Direction of true meridian through a point remains fixed, the true bearing of a line is a constant quantity

Magnetic meridian: When the magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. This direction is known as magnetic meridian. Magnetic bearing: magnetic bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with the magnetic meridian through one of the extremities of the line

Magnetic meridian

Magnetic compass is used to measure it.

 Arbitrary meridian: Convenient direction is assumed as a meridian.

Such as church spire or top of the chimney

Arbitrary bearing: arbitrary bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes

with any arbitrary meridian passing through one of the extremities

Grid meridian: Sometimes for preparing a map some state agencies assume several

lines parallel to the true meridian for a particular zone these lines are termed as grid meridian.
Designation of magnetic bearing Whole circle bearing (WCB) Quadrantal bearing (QB) WCB: The magnetic bearing of a line measured clockwise from the North Pole towards

the line is known as WCB. Varies 0-360

 Quadrantal Bearing: The magnetic bearing of a line measured

clockwise or anticlockwise from NP or SP (whichever is nearer to the line) towards the east or west is known as QB. This system consists of 4-quadrants NE, SE, NW, SW. The values lie between 0-90 QB of OA = N a E Reduced Bearing: When the whole circle bearing of a line is converted to quadrantal bearing it is termed as reduced bearing. Fore and Back Bearing:

In WCB the difference between FB and BB should be exactly 180

BB=FB+/-180
Use the +ve sign when FB<180 Use the ve sign when FB> 180

 Example 13.2: The following fore bearings were observed

for lines, AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG respectively. Determine their back bearings:
(i) 148 (iii) 285 (v) N 36 W (ii) 65 (iv) 215 (vi) S 40 E

 Example : In a closed traverse the following bearings were

observed with a compass. Calculate the interior angles.

Line AB BC CD DE EA Fore bearing 65 00 125 30 200 00 265 15 330 00

DECLINATION AND DIP

Magnetic declination: The horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and true meridian is known as magnetic declination.
If it is towards east, it is known as eastern or +ve declination. Western declination is known as ve declination. TRUE BEARING =MAGNETIC BEARING DECLINATION

The following type of variations are observed in declination: (i) Secular variation, (ii) Annual variation, (iii) Daily variations, and (iv) Irregular variations.

DECLINATION AND DIP

Secular Variation The magnetic meridian swings like a pendulum to the left and to the right of true meridian. Its period of variation is approximately 250 years. Annual Variation It is observed that in a year declination varies from 1 to 2. Daily Variation The daily variation of magnetic declination is as much as 10. This variation is also known as Dirunal Variation. The following factors influence its magnitude: (a) It is more in day and less in night. (b) It is more in summer and less in winter. (c) The amount of variation changes from year to year. (d) It is more near magnetic poles and less near equator.

DECLINATION AND DIP

Irregular Variation Due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, magnetic storms occur, resulting into changes in magnetic meridian. Such changes are from 1 to 2. Dip of the magnetic needle: If the needle is perfectly balanced before magnetisation, it does not remain in the balanced position after it is magnetised. This is due to the magnetic influence of the earth. The needle is found to be inclined towards the pole. This inclination of the needle with the horizontal is known as dip of the magnetic needle.

LOCAL ATTRACTION
Method of correction for traverse: First method: Sum of the interior angle should be equal to (2n-4) x 90. if not than distribute the total error equally to all interior angles of the traverse. Then starting from unaffected line the bearings of all the lines are corrected using corrected interior angles.
Second method: Unaffected line is first detected. Then,

commencing from the unaffected line, the bearing of other affected lines are corrected by finding the amount of correction at each station.

Methods of traversing
Chain traversing:

15 m

15 m
Compass traversing: Fore bearings and back bearings between the traverse leg

are measured Theodolite traversing: Horizontal angles between the traverse legs are measured. The length of the traverse legs are measured by chain/tape or by stadia method Plane table traversing: Plane table is set at every traverse station in clockwise and anticlockwise direction and the circuit is finally closed. During traversing the sides of the traverse are plotted according to any suitable scale.

Checks on traverse: Closed traverse

Check on closed traverse: Sum of the measured interior angles (2n-4) x 90 Sum of the measured exterior angles (2n+4) x 90 The algebric sum of the deflection angles should be equal to 360. Right

hand deflection is considered +ve, left hand deflection ve

Check on linear measurement
The lines should be measured once each on two different days (along

opposite directions). Both measurement should tally. Linear measurement should also be taken by the stadia method. The measurement by chaining and stadia method should tally.

Checks on traverse: Open traverse

Taking cut-off lines: measured the

bearings and lengths of cut off lines after plotting and tally with actual values.

Taking an auxiliary point: Take P

permanent point as auxiliary point measured bearings and lengths of P from each traverse point. If survey is accurate, while plotting all the measured bearing of P should meet at P.

Problems:
Convert the following WCBs to QBs (a) WCB of AB = 4530

(Ans 4530)
(b) WCB of BC = 12545

(Ans 180- 12545 = 54 15)

Fore bearing of the following lines are given. Find back bearing AB=S 3030 E BC=N 4030 W The magnetic bearing of a line AB is 13530 what will be the true bearing, if

the declination is 515 W.

Problems

Contd

Problems

Included angle at A= 280-180-40=60 =FB of DA-180-FB of AB Included angle at B= 40+180-70= 150 =FB of AB+180-FB of BC Included angle at C= 70+180-210 =FB of BC+180-FB of CD

Formula: FB of previous line+/-180FB of next line