Absolute extreme values are either maximum or

minimum points on a curve.

They are sometimes called global extremes.
They are also sometimes called absolute extrema.
(Extrema is the plural of the Latin extremum.)
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions

Definition Absolute Extreme Values
Let f be a function with domain D. Then f (c) is the

a. absolute minimum value on D if and only
if f(x) < f (c) for all x in D.
b. absolute maximum value on D if and only
if f(x) > f (c) for all x in D.

Extreme values can be in the interior or the end
points of a function.
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
2
y x =
( )
, D=
Absolute
Minimum
No Absolute
Maximum
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
2
y x =
| |
0, 2 D=
Absolute Minimum
Absolute
Maximum
4.1 Extreme Values of Functions
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
2
y x =
( |
0, 2 D=
No Minimum
Absolute
Maximum
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
0
1
2
3
4
-2 -1 1 2
2
y x =
( )
0, 2 D=
No Minimum
No
Maximum
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Extreme Value Theorem:
If f is continuous over a closed interval, [a,b] then f has a
maximum and minimum value over that interval.
Maximum &
minimum
at interior points
Maximum &
minimum
at endpoints
Maximum at
interior point,
minimum at
endpoint
4.1 Extreme Values of Functions
Local Extreme Values:
A local maximum is the maximum value within some
open interval.
A local minimum is the minimum value within some
open interval.
4.1 Extreme Values of Functions
Absolute minimum
(also local minimum)
Local maximum
Local minimum
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
Local minimum
Local extremes
are also called
relative extremes.
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Local maximum
Local minimum
Notice that local extremes in the interior of the function
occur where is zero or is undefined.
f
'
f
'
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Local Extreme Values:
If a function f has a local maximum value or a
local minimum value at an interior point c of its
domain, and if exists at c, then
( )
0 f c
'
=
f
'
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Critical Point:
A point in the domain of a function f at which
or does not exist is a critical point of f .
0 f
'
=
f
'
Note:
Maximum and minimum points in the interior of a function
always occur at critical points, but critical points are not
always maximum or minimum values.
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
EXAMPLE 3 FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
on the interval .
( )
2/ 3
f x x =
| |
2,3
( )
2/ 3
f x x =
( )
1
3
2
3
f x x

'
=
( )
3
2
3
f x
x
'
=
There are no values of x that will make
the first derivative equal to zero.
The first derivative is undefined at x=0,
so (0,0) is a critical point.
Because the function is defined over a
closed interval, we also must check the
endpoints.
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
( )
0 0 f =
To determine if this critical point is
actually a maximum or minimum, we
try points on either side, without
passing other critical points.
( )
2/ 3
f x x =
( )
1 1 f =
( )
1 1 f =
Since 0<1, this must be at least a local minimum, and possibly a
global minimum.
| |
2,3 D=
At: 0 x =
At: 2 x =
( ) ( )
2
3
2 2 1.5874 f = ~
At: 3 x =
( ) ( )
2
3
3 3 2.08008 f = ~
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
( )
0 0 f =
( )
2/ 3
f x x =
| |
2,3 D=
At: 2 x =
( ) ( )
2
3
2 2 1.5874 f = ~
At: 3 x =
Absolute
minimum:
Absolute
maximum:
( )
0, 0
( )
3, 2.08
( ) ( )
2
3
3 3 2.08008 f = ~
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
y = x
2/3

Finding Maximums and Minimums Analytically:
1 Find the derivative of the function, and determine
where the derivative is zero or undefined. These
are the critical points.
2 Find the value of the function at each critical point.
3 Find values or slopes for points between the
critical points to determine if the critical points are
maximums or minimums.
4 For closed intervals, check the end points as
well.
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function
] 2 , 1 [ , 2 4 5 2 ) (
2 3
+ = on x x x x f
4 10 6 ) ( '
2
+ = x x x f
4 10 6 0
2
+ = x x
Find the critical numbers
2 5 3 0
2
+ = x x
) 1 )( 2 3 ( 0 = x x
1
3
2
= = x x or
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function
] 2 , 1 [ , 2 4 5 2 ) (
2 3
+ = on x x x x f
Check endpoints and critical numbers
The absolute maximum is 2 when x = -2
The absolute minimum is -13 when x = -1
( )
2 2
1 1
27
26
3
2
13 1

x f x
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function
] 3 , 0 [ ,
1
3
) (
2
on
+
+
=
x
x
x f
2
2
) 1 (
) 1 )( 3 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
) ( '
+
+ +
=
x
x x x
x f
3 2 0
2
+ = x x
Find the critical numbers
) 1 )( 3 ( 0 + = x x
1 3 = = x x or
2
2
) 1 (
3 2
) ( '
+
+
=
x
x x
x f
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function
] 3 , 0 [ ,
1
3
) (
2
on
+
+
=
x
x
x f
( )
3 3
2 1
3 0
x f x
Check endpoints and critical numbers
The absolute maximum is 3 when x = 0, 3
The absolute minimum is 2 when x = 1
4.1 Extreme Values of Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function
| | t 2 , 0 , sin sin ) (
2
on x x x f =
x x x x f cos sin 2 cos ) ( ' =
Find the critical numbers
x x x cos sin 2 cos 0 =
) sin 2 1 ( cos 0 x x =
0 cos = x 0 sin 2 1 = x
2
3
,
2
t t
= x
6
5
,
6
t t
= x
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Find the absolute maximum and
minimum of the function
| | t 2 , 0 , sin sin ) (
2
on x x x f =
( )
0 2
2
2
3
4
1
6
5
0
2
4
1
6
0 0
t
t
t
t
t

x f x
The absolute maximum is 1/4 when x = t/6, 5t/6
The absolute minimum is 2 when x =3t/2
Critical points are not always extremes!
-2
-1
0
1
2
-2 -1 1 2
3
y x =
0 f
'
=
(not an extreme)
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
-2
-1
0
1
2
-2 -1 1 2
1/ 3
y x =
is undefined. f
'
(not an extreme)
4.1 Extreme Values of
Functions
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

4.2 Mean Value Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.
The Mean Value Theorem only applies over a closed interval.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

The Mean Value Theorem says that at some point
in the closed interval, the actual slope equals
the average slope.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
y
x
0
A
B
a
b
Slope of chord:
( ) ( )
f b f a
b a

Slope of tangent:
( )
f c
'
( )
y f x =
Tangent parallel
to chord.
c
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
and if f(a) = f(b) = 0, then there is at least one
point c between a and b such that f (c)=0:
Rolles Theorem
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
(a,0)
(b,0)
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Show the function
satisfies the hypothesis of
the Mean Value Theorem
(

=
3
, 0 on cos ) (
t
x x f
The function is continuous on [0,t/3] and differentiable on
(0,t/3). Since f(0) = 1 and f(t/3) = 1/2, the Mean Value
Theorem guarantees a point c in the interval (0,t/3) for
which
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

c sin
0 3 /
1 2 / 1
=

t
c = .498
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
(0,1)
(t/3,1/2)
at x = .498, the slope
of the tangent line is
equal to the slope of
the chord.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Definitions Increasing Functions, Decreasing Functions
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let x
1
and x
2
be any two points in I.

1. f increases on I if x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
).
2. f decreases on I if x
1
> x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
).

A function is increasing over an interval if the
derivative is always positive.
A function is decreasing over an interval if the
derivative is always negative.
A couple of somewhat obvious definitions:
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Corollary Increasing Functions, Decreasing Functions
Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b).
1. If f > 0 at each point of (a,b), then f increases on [a,b].
2. If f < 0 at each point of (a,b), then f decreases on [a,b].

4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Find where the function
is increasing and decreasing and find the local
extrema.
x x x x f 24 9 ) (
2 3
+ =
x x x x f 24 9 ) (
2 3
+ =
24 18 3 ) ( '
2
+ = x x x f
) 8 6 ( 3 0
2
+ = x x
) 8 6 ( 0
2
+ = x x
) 2 )( 4 ( 0 = x x
2 4
0 0
f (x)
+
-
+
) , 4 ( ) 2 , ( inc
) 4 , 2 ( dec
x = 2, local maximum
x = 4, local minimum
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
(2,20) local max
(4,16) local min
y
x
0
( )
y f x =
( )
y g x =
These two functions have the
same slope at any value of x.
Functions with the same
derivative differ by a constant.
C
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Find the function whose derivative is and whose
graph passes through
( )
f x ( )
sin x
( )
0, 2
( ) ( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
( ) ( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
so:
( ) ( )
cos f x x C = +
( )
2 cos 0 C = +
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Find the function f(x) whose derivative is sin(x) and
whose graph passes through (0,2).
( ) ( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
( ) ( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
so:
( ) ( )
cos f x x C = +
( )
2 cos 0 C = +
2 1 C = +
3 C =
( ) ( )
cos 3 f x x = +
Notice that we had to have
initial values to determine
the value of C.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
The process of finding the original function from the
derivative is so important that it has a name:
Antiderivative
A function is an antiderivative of a function
if for all x in the domain of f. The process
of finding an antiderivative is antidifferentiation.
( )
F x
( )
f x
( ) ( )
F x f x
'
=
You will hear much more about antiderivatives in the future.
This section is just an introduction.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Since acceleration is the
derivative of velocity,
velocity must be the
antiderivative of
acceleration.
Example 7b: Find the velocity and position equations
for a downward acceleration of 9.8 m/sec
2
and an
initial velocity of 1 m/sec downward.
( )
9.8 a t =
( )
9.8 1 v t t = +
( )
1 9.8 0 C = +
1 C =
( )
9.8 v t t C = +
(We let down be positive.)
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
Since velocity is the derivative of position,
position must be the antiderivative of velocity.
( )
9.8 a t =
( )
9.8 1 v t t = +
( )
1 9.8 0 C = +
1 C =
( )
9.8 v t t C = +
( )
2
9.8
2
s t t t C = + +
The power rule in reverse:
Increase the exponent by one and
multiply by the reciprocal of the
new exponent.
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
( )
9.8 a t =
( )
9.8 1 v t t = +
( )
1 9.8 0 C = +
1 C =
( )
9.8 v t t C = +
( )
2
9.8
2
s t t t C = + +
( )
2
4.9 s t t t C = + +
The initial position is zero at time zero.
( )
2
0 4.9 0 0 C = + +
0 C =
( )
2
4.9 s t t t = +
4.2 Mean Value Theorem
In the past, one of the important uses of derivatives was
as an aid in curve sketching. We usually use a calculator
of computer to draw complicated graphs, it is still
important to understand the relationships between
derivatives and graphs.
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
First Derivative Test for Local Extrema at a critical point c
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
1. If f changes sign from positive to
negative at c, then f has a local
maximum at c.
local max
f>0 f<0
2. If f changes sign from negative to
positive at c, then f has a local
minimum at c.
3. If f changes does not change sign
at c, then f has no local extrema.
local min
f<0 f>0
no extreme
f>0 f>0
First derivative:
y
'
is positive
Curve is rising.
y
'
is negative
Curve is falling.
y
'
is zero Possible local maximum or
minimum.
4.3 Connecting f and f with
the Graph of f
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
Definition Concavity

The graph of a differentiable
function y = f(x) is

a. concave up on an open interval
I if y is increasing on I. (y>0)
b. concave down on an open interval
I if y is decreasing on I. (y<0)

concave down
concave up
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema at a critical point c

1. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at x = c.
2. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at x = c.

+ +
Second derivative:
y
''
is positive
Curve is concave up.
y
''
is negative
Curve is concave down.
y
''
is zero
Possible inflection point
(where concavity changes).
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f

Definition Point of Inflection

A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and
where the concavity changes is called a point of inflection.
inflection point
( )( )
2
3 2
3 4 1 2 y x x x x = + = +
2
3 6 y x x
'
=
0 y
'
= Set
2
0 3 6 x x =
2
0 2 x x =
( )
0 2 x x =
0, 2 x =
First derivative test:
y
'
0 2
0 0

+ +
( )
2
1 3 1 6 1 3 y
'
= =
negative
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3 1 6 1 9 y
'
= =
positive
( )
2
3 3 3 6 3 9 y
'
= =
positive
Possible extreme at .
0, 2 x =
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
Sketch the graph
zeros at x = -1, x = 2
2
3 6 y x x
'
=
0 y
'
= Set
2
0 3 6 x x =
2
0 2 x x =
( )
0 2 x x =
0, 2 x =
First derivative test:
y
'
0 2
0 0

maximum at 0 x =
minimum at 2 x =
Possible extreme at .
0, 2 x =
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
+ +

2
3 6 y x x
'
=
0 y
'
= Set
2
0 3 6 x x =
2
0 2 x x =
( )
0 2 x x =
0, 2 x =
Possible extreme at .
0, 2 x =
Or you could use the second derivative test:

maximum at 0 x = minimum at 2 x =
6 6 y x
''
=
( )
0 6 0 6 6 y
''
= =
negative
concave down
local maximum
( )
2 6 2 6 6 y
''
= =
positive
concave up
local minimum
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
6 6 y x
''
=
We then look for inflection points by setting the second
derivative equal to zero.
0 6 6 x =
6 6x =
1 x =
Possible inflection point at . 1 x =
y
''
1
0

+
( )
0 6 0 6 6 y
''
= =
negative
( )
2 6 2 6 6 y
''
= =
positive

inflection point at 1 x =
4.3 Connecting f and f with the
Graph of f
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
Make a summary table: x y
y
' y''
1 0 9 12 rising, concave down
0 4 0 6
local max
1 2 3 0
falling, inflection point
2
0 0 6
local min
3 4 9 12
rising, concave up
4.3 Connecting f and f with
the Graph of f
A Classic Problem
You have 40 feet of fence to enclose a rectangular garden along
the side of a barn. What is the maximum area that you can
enclose?
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
x x
40 2x
( )
40 2 A x x =
2
40 2 A x x =
40 4 A x
'
=
0 40 4x =
4 40 x =
10 x =
( )
10 40 2 10 A=
( )
10 20 A=
2
200 ft A=
40 2 l x =
w x =
10 ft w=
20 ft l =
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
To find the maximum (or minimum) value of a function:
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
1. Understand the Problem.
2. Develop a Mathematical Model.
3. Graph the Function.
4. Identify Critical Points and Endpoints.
5. Solve the Mathematical Model.
6. Interpret the Solution.
What dimensions for a one liter cylindrical can will use
the least amount of material?
We can minimize the material by minimizing the area.
2
2 2 A r rh t t = +
area of
ends
lateral
area
We need another
equation that relates
r and h:
2
V r h t =
( )
3
1 L 1000 cm =
2
1000 r h t =
2
1000
h
r t
=
2
2
10 0
2
0
2 A r r
r t
t t = +
2
2000
2 A r
r
t = +
2
2000
4 A r
r
t
'
=
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
2
2 2 A r rh t t = +
area of
ends
lateral
area
2
V r h t =
( )
3
1 L 1000 cm =
2
1000 r h t =
2
1000
h
r t
=
2
2
10 0
2
0
2 A r r
r t
t t = +
2
2000
2 A r
r
t = +
2
2000
4 A r
r
t
'
=
2
2000
0 4 r
r
t =
2
2000
4 r
r
t =
3
2000 4 r t =
3
500
r
t
=
3
500
r
t
=
5.42 cm r ~
( )
2
1000
5.42
h
t
~
10.83 cm h ~
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
Find the radius and height of
the right-circular cylinder of
largest volume that can be
inscribed in a right-circular
cone with radius 6 in. and
height 10 in.
h
r
10 in
6 in
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
h
r
10 in
6 in
The formula for the volume of
the cylinder is
h r V
2
t =
To eliminate one variable, we
need to find a relationship
between r and h.
6
10 10
=

r
h
r h
3
5
10 =
6
h
10-h
r
10
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
h
r
10 in
6 in
h r V
2
t =
3 2 2
3
5
10
3
5
10 r r r r V t t t =
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
5 20 r r
dr
dV
t t =
) 4 ( 5 0 r r = t
4 , 0 = = r r
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
h
r
10 in
6 in
Check critical points and endpoints.
r = 0, V = 0
r = 4 V = 160t/3
r = 6 V = 0
The cylinder will have a
maximum volume when
r = 4 in. and h = 10/3 in.

Determine the point on the
curve y = x
2
that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

4.4 Modeling and Optimization
2 2
) 18 ( y x d + =
4 2
) 18 ( x x d + =
Substitute for x
4 2
) 324 36 ( x x x d + + =
) 36 2 4 ( ) 324 36 (
2
1
3
2
1
2 4
+ + + =

x x x x x
dx
ds

Determine the point on the
curve y = x
2
that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

4.4 Modeling and Optimization
) 36 2 4 ( ) 324 36 (
2
1
3
2
1
2 4
+ + + =

x x x x x
dx
ds
0 =
dx
ds
set
36 2 4 0
3
+ = x x 18 2 0
3
+ = x x
2 = x 4 = y

Determine the point on the
curve y = x
2
that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

4.4 Modeling and Optimization
18 2 0
3
+ = x x
2 = x 4 = y
) 9 4 2 )( 2 ( 0
2
+ + = x x x
2
- 0 +
If the end points could be the maximum or
minimum, you have to check.
Notes:
If the function that you want to optimize has more
than one variable, use substitution to rewrite the
function.
If you are not sure that the extreme youve found is a
maximum or a minimum, you have to check.
4.4 Modeling and Optimization
For any function f (x), the tangent is a
close approximation of the function for
some small distance from the tangent
point.
y
x
0 x a =
( ) ( )
f x f a =
We call the equation of the
tangent the linearization of
the function.
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
The linearization is the equation of the tangent line, and you
can use the old formulas if you like.
Start with the point/slope equation:
( )
1 1
y y m x x =
1
x a = ( )
1
y f a =
( )
m f a
'
=
( ) ( )( )
y f a f a x a
'
=
( ) ( )( )
y f a f a x a
'
= +
( ) ( ) ( )( )
L x f a f a x a
'
= +
linearization of f at a
( ) ( )
f x L x ~
is the standard linear approximation of f at a.
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Find the linearization of f(x) = x
4
+ 2x at x = 2
( ) ( ) ( )( )
L x f a f a x a
'
= +
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
f (x) = 4x
3
+ 2
L (x) = f(3) + f(3)(x - 3)
L (x) = 87 + 110(x - 3)
L (x) = 110x - 243
Important linearizations for x near zero:
( )
1
k
x +
1 kx +
sin x
cos x
tanx
x
1
x
( )
1
2
1
1 1 1
2
x x x + = + ~ +
( )
( )
1
3 4 4
3
4 4
1 5 1 5
1 5
1 5 1
3 3
x x
x x
+ = +
~ + = +
( )
f x
( )
L x
This formula also leads to
non-linear approximations:
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Estimate using local linearization. 37
2
1
2
1
) ( '
) (

=
=
x x f
x x f
( ) ( ) ( )( )
L x f a f a x a
'
= +
) 36 37 )( 36 ( ' ) 36 ( ) 37 ( + = f f L
) 1 (
12
1
6 ) 37 ( + = L
0833 . 6 ) 37 ( = L
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Estimate sin 31 using local linearization.
x x f
x x f
cos ) ( '
sin ) (
=
=
( ) ( ) ( )( )
L x f a f a x a
'
= +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
180
) 30 ( ' ) 30 ( ) 31 (
t
f f L
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
180 2
3
2
1
) 31 (
t
L
360
3 180
) 31 (
t +
= L
Need to
be in radians
Differentials:
When we first started to talk about derivatives, we said
that becomes when the change in x and
change in y become very small.
y
x
A
A
dy
dx
dy can be considered a very small change in y.
dx can be considered a very small change in x.
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function.
The differential dx is an independent
variable.
The differential dy is: dy = f (x)dx
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Example: Consider a circle of radius 10. If the radius increases by
0.1, approximately how much will the area change?
2
A r t =
2 dA r dr t =
2
dA dr
r
dx dx
t =
very small change in A
very small change in r
( )
2 10 0.1 dA t =
2 dA t = (approximate change in area)
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Compare to actual change:
New area:
Old area:
( )
2
10.1 102.01 t t =
( )
2
10 100.00 t t =
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
t 01 . 2 = AA
t 2 = dA
Absolute
error
% 2
100
2
= =
t
t
A
dA
% 01 . 2
100
01 . 2
= =
A
t
t
A
A
percent
error
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
True Estimated
Absolute Change
Relative Change
Percent Change
) ( ) ( a f dx a f f + = A dx a f df ) ( ' =
) (a f
f A
) (a f
df
% 100
) (
x
a f
df
% 100
) (
x
a f
f A
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Newtons Method
0 x
y
y = f(x)
Root
sought
x
1
First

(x
1
,f(x
1
))
x
2
Second

x
3
Third

(x
2
,f(x
2
))
(x
3
,f(x
3
))
) (
1 2 1 2
x x m y y =
) )( ( ' ) ( 0
1 2 1
x x x f x f =
) )( ( ' ) ( 0
1 2 1
x x x f x f =
) ( ' ) ( ' ) (
1 1 2 1
x f x x f x x f =
) ( '
) (
1
1
1 2
x f
x f
x x =
This is Newtons Method of finding roots. It is an
example of an algorithm (a specific set of
computational steps.)
Newtons Method:
( )
( )
1
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
+
=
'
This is a recursive algorithm because a set of steps are
repeated with the previous answer put in the next
repetition. Each repetition is called an iteration.
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Newtons Method
( )
2
1
3
2
f x x =
Finding a root for:
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
We will use
Newtons Method to
find the root
between 2 and 3.
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
Newtons Method
( )
2
1
3
2
f x x =
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
x x f = ) ( '
Guess x
1
= 2
) ( '
) (
1
1
1 2
x f
x f
x x =
5 . 2
2
1
2
2
=

= x
Newtons Method
( )
2
1
3
2
f x x =
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
x x f = ) ( '
Guess x
2
= 2.5
) ( '
) (
2
2
2 3
x f
x f
x x =
45 . 2
5 . 2
125 .
5 . 2
3
= = x
Find where crosses .
3
y x x = 1 y =
3
1 x x =
3
0 1 x x =
( )
3
1 f x x x =
( )
2
3 1 f x x
'
=
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
n
x
( )
n
f x n
( )
n
f x
'
( )
( )
1
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
+
=
'
0 1 1
2
1
1 1.5
2

=
1
1.5 .875
5.75
.875
1.5 1.3478261
5.75
=
2
1.3478261 .1006822 4.4499055 1.3252004
( )
3
1.3252004 1.3252004 1.0020584 =
1 ~
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
There are some limitations to Newtons Method:
Wrong root found
Looking for this root.
Bad guess.
Failure to converge
4.5 Linearization and
Newtons Method
First, a review problem:
Consider a sphere of radius 10 cm.
If the radius changes 0.1 cm (a very small amount)
how much does the volume change?
3
4
3
V r t =
2
4 dV r dr t =
( )
2
4 10cm 0.1cm dV t =
3
40 cm dV t =
The volume would change by approximately 40t cm
3
.
4.6 Related Rates
Now, suppose that the radius is
changing at an instantaneous rate
of 0.1 cm/sec.
3
4
3
V r t =
2
4
dV dr
r
dt dt
t =
( )
2 cm
4 10cm 0.1
sec
dV
dt
t
| |
=
|
\ .
3
cm
40
sec
dV
dt
t =
The sphere is growing at a rate of 40t cm
3
/sec .
Note: This is an exact answer, not an approximation like
we got with the differential problems.
4.6 Related Rates
Water is draining from a cylindrical tank
at 3 liters/second. How fast is the surface
dropping?
L
3
sec
dV
dt
=
3
cm
3000
sec
=
Find
dh
dt
2
V r h t =
2
dV dh
r
dt dt
t =
(r is a constant.)
3
2
cm
3000
sec
dh
r
dt
t =
3
2
cm
3000
sec
dh
dt r t
=
(We need a formula to
relate V and h. )
4.6 Related Rates
Steps for Related Rates Problems:
1. Draw a picture (sketch).
2. Write down known information.
3. Write down what you are looking for.
4. Write an equation to relate the variables.
5. Differentiate both sides with respect to t.
6. Evaluate.
4.6 Related Rates
Hot Air Balloon Problem:
Given:
4
t
u =
rad
0.14
min
d
dt
u
=
How fast is the balloon rising?
Find
dh
dt
tan
500
h
u =
2
1
sec
500
d dh
dt dt
u
u =
( )
2
1
sec 0.14
4 500
dh
dt
t
| |
=
|
\ .
h
u
500ft
4.6 Related Rates
Hot Air Balloon Problem:
Given:
4
t
u =
rad
0.14
min
d
dt
u
=
How fast is the balloon rising?
Find
dh
dt
tan
500
h
u =
2
1
sec
500
d dh
dt dt
u
u =
( )
2
1
sec 0.14
4 500
dh
dt
t
| |
=
|
\ .
h
u
500ft
( )
( )
2
2 0.14 500
dh
dt
=
1
1
2
4
t
sec 2
4
t
=
ft
140
min
dh
dt
=
4.6 Related Rates
4 x =
3 y =
B
A
5 z =
Truck Problem:
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?
r t d =
1
40 4
10
=
1
30 3
10
=
2 2 2
3 4 z + =
2
9 16 z + =
2
25 z =
5 z =
4.6 Related Rates
4 x =
3 y =
30
dy
dt
=
40
dx
dt
=
B
A
5 z =
Truck Problem:
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?
r t d =
1
40 4
10
=
1
30 3
10
=
2 2 2
3 4 z + =
2
9 16 z + =
2
25 z =
5 z =
2 2 2
x y z + =
2 2 2
dx dy dz
x y z
dt dt dt
+ =
4 40 3 30 5
dz
dt
+ =
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.
4.6 Related Rates
250 5
dz
dt
=
50
dz
dt
=
miles
50
hour
4.6 Related Rates
Truck Problem:
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.