Introduction

Seed invigouration
Definition of Halogenation
Methodology for incorporation of halogen

Halogen formulation
Factors influencing on halogen treatment Advantages and disadvantages

Case Studies

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Seed is a biological entity and its ageing is an inevitable process beyond

physiological maturity whether the seed is in mother plant or in storage.

Rapid loss of vigour and viability of seed during storage is one of the major

constraints faced by the seed industry and corresponding financial implication.

Although ageing of seeds cannot be arrested completely when stored under

ambient condition, it can however be controlled to an applicable extent by adoption of suitable storage technologies.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

 Dry dressing of seeds with halogen formulation has conferred

beneficial effect by lowering lipid peroxidation and there by extension of vigour and viability of seeds under storage.

Halogen treatment slow down the deterioration senescence, reduce

physiological and pathological deterioration in a number of crop seeds.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Seed invigouration
Seed invigouration implies to an improvement in seed performance

by any post harvest treatment that focused on improvement in germinability, storability and better field performance (Basu, 1990).
Invigouration treatment should bring about a qualitative improvement

in the seed, which should persist even after the treatment & treatmental effect should basically be physiological in nature.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

PHYSIOLOGICAL INVIGORATION SEED TRETMENTS

The physiological invigouration treatments are distinguished (Basu, 1994) As follows.

Pre-sowing treatments for improved field performance.

Pre-storage treatments for maintenance of vigour and viability in storage that result in better field performance.
Mid-storage treatments for extension of vigour and viability in storage that ensure better field performance .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

STORAGE TREATMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

Wet treatments
Dry treatments

Halogenation

Vapour treatment
Basu et al (1994 )
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Significance of Seed Halogenation

This treatment avoids use of water. It does not require drying back to safe moisture content for

extended storage ability.

It is ideal for large scale application.
This treatment also have the additional cost-saving advantage

that will occur if the dry treatment is given before the seed is bagged and stored .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

In halogenations treatment, seeds are exposed to halogens like chlorine, bromine or iodine either directly or through the carriers.

Halogens 1) 2) 3) chlorine Iodine potassium iodide and bromine

Applied forms bleaching powder Iodine crystals potassium bromide or bromine solution

These halogens are used for safe storage treatment with dual purpose utilization of seed as seed for sowing and grain for consumption.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

The commonly available inert carriers are as follows:

1. 2. 3.

Calcium carbonate fresh chalk Talc

4. Charcoal or activated clay

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Methodology For Incorporation of Halogens

The carrier are first exposed to the halogen in vapour in optimum

quantities .
The vapour saturated carriers are dry dressed with the seeds. These chemicals are also added directly to the carrier Among the carriers calcium carbonate has been proved to be

superior one.
After equilibrating the carrier-chemical mix, the seed is

thoroughly dressed with the mixture, in the closed container.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Anti-microbial property of halogens

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Contd
The positive effect of halogen treatment is that, it reduces

production of volatile aldehyde, which are presumably the product of lipid peroxidation.
Rudrpal and Basu 1982

Besides other effect, the anti-fungal role of chemical may

give some beneficial effect on germinability .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Concept of halogenation treatment

Dharmalingam et al (1998)
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Contd
Chlorine may also be obtained by just placing bleaching powder

and iodine by putting 25-50 mg of solid iodine crystals in the Petri-dish.

In wheat, rice, pea, and egg plant seeds treatment with 2.3 g of

bleaching powder per kg of seed effectively controlled the loss of vigour and viability of fresh vigour seeds.
The treatment were given to high vigour seeds before bagging and

storage.

These chemical were mixed with inert carrier like caco3, talc, fresh

chalk, charcoal, clay, brick powder etc and used for dry-dressing of seeds.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Classification of Halogen Formulation

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Methods for Application of Halogen Formulations to Seed

The halogen formulation could be added to the seed

similar to that of fungicide seed treatment and pesticide .

The chemicals are applied either dry dressing or slurry

treatment using 5 ml of water for kg of seeds.

The efficacy of dry treatment is lower compared to slurry

treatment.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Factors Influencing Halogen Treatment

1) Selectivity of treatment

2) Duration of treatment
3) Dosage of halogen 4) Age of the seed

5) Selectivity of crop
6) Mode of application

Advantages of seed halogenation

Disadvantages
Time consuming Laborious Efficacy of halogen treatment low compared to other treatment.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Germination (%)
Hours of Iodination 0 5 15 24 CD (P=0.05) Wheat 65 80 85 60 Jute 58 67 76 65 Mustard 55 75 85 91

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Basu and Rudrapal (1979)

Germination (%) (%) Germination

Dry dressing with bleaching powder (g Dry dressing with bleaching powder (g kg-1 kg-1 of seed) of seed) Acceleratedaging Accelerated aging (100 % RH OF 400C0C ) (100 % RH OF 40 ) Natural aging Natural aging 0 (78.0 4 RH of 28.3 10C)C) (78.0 4 RH of 28.3 1

0 0
2 2

60 (50.8) 60 (50.8)
81 (64.2) 81 (64.2)

58 (49.6) 58 (49.6)
74 (59.3) 74 (59.3)

5 5
10 10

76 (60.7) 76 (60.7)
67 (54.9) 67 (54.9)

71 (57.4) 71 (57.4)
68 (55.6) 68 (55.6)

20 20 50 50 CD (P=0.05) CD (P=0.05)

69 (56.2) 69 (56.2) 65 (53.7) 65 (53.7) (4.8) (4.8)

66 (54.3) 66 (54.3) 64 (53.1) 64 (53.1) (6.9) (6.9)

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Standardization of dosage of bleaching powder after 9 days of accelerated ageing in paddy cv. ASD 16
Treatments Control CaOCl2 (4 g kg-1) CaOCl2 (6 g kg-1) Germination (%) 60 (50.62) 60 (50.67) 57 (49.10) Vigour index 1627 1616 1142

CaOCl2 (8 g kg-1)

72 (57.74)

2109

CaOCl2 (10 g kg-1)

CD (P=0.05)

71 (55.24) (8.03)

1892 52

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Standardization of dosage of CaOCl2 and CaCO3 mixture on paddy cv. ASD 16

Treatments
Control CaOCl2
+

Germination (%)
60 (50.62) 64 (52.98) 65 (53.60) 71 (57.29) 81 (64.38) 80 (63.85) (2.33)

Vigour index
1478 1648 1763 1987 2481 2471 110

CaCO3 (2 g kg-1)

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (3 g kg-1) CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (4 g kg-1) CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (5 g kg-1) CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (6 g kg-1) CD (P=0.05)

Punitha (1996)
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Halogenated Seeds in Storage

In storage halogenation of seeds with either iodine or chlorine

prolonged the shelf life of seeds.

The studies also revealed that Iodination is best for seeds to

prolong their storability compared to chlorination.

Halogenated seeds in storage not only prolong the storage

life, but also prevent the multiplication of seed borne pathogen and also insect.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

On farm storage of halogenated paddy seeds cv.ASD 16

Parameters

Initial

6 months After storage

CD (P=0.05) 0.131 5.65 0.068

Control
Germination (%) Vigour index Insect infestation (No/g)

Halogenated
80 1270 4

87 1467 3

69 858 16

Pathogen infection (%)

Yield (g/m2)

2
-

14
510

3
543

0.07
5.17

Chandrasenannair (1995)
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Performance of halogenation on storability of sorghum cv. CO 26

Parameters Initial 8 month after storage CB C Germination (%) Vigour index Storage fungi (%) Insect infestation(No/kg) 90 2435 19.1 68 1749 45 14.0 H 76 2000 28 8 C 69 1876 30 10 HDPV H 80 2138 19 6 (1.21) 22.2 1.26 1.40 CD (P=0.05)

Jegathambal (2000)
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Influence of halogenation on storability of wheat cv. HD 2501

Parameters

3 months after storage

CD (P=0.05)

Control
Germination (%) Seedling length (cm) Vigour index 90 20.8 1890

Halogenated
94 24.1 2184 (1.54) 1.44 9.23

Dharmalingam et al (1998)
Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Seed quality of chlorinated Pea cultivar after 9 months of storage

Treatment (T) Germination (%) Variety (V) Arkel Control Bleaching powder 78 83 Bonnevilla 91 97 Arkel 155 168 Total seedling Length (cm) Variety(V) Bonnevilla 41 62

Bhattachaya and Basu (1990)

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Field performance of stored Halogenated seed

The halogenated seeds in storage can also be extended to field level

by increased yield potentiality of the crop compared to untreated control.

The

researcher also proved that the halogen treated seeds can augment the yield of crop to the tune of 7-15%.

In rice improved post ageing germinability in the laboratory, better

field stand, and yield due to halogen treatment.

Pal and Basu (1998)

Contd
The

groundnut pods and kernals were subjected to iodine/chlorine/bromine based halogenation treatment along with Albizia amara leaf powder and improved the field stand and production potentiality of crop.

The

field trial conducted in sunflower to assess the productivity of the halogenated seeds, 8 months after storage highlighted that beneficial effect of halogenated seeds in augmenting the productivity of the resultant crop.
The plants raised from treated seeds had a higher chlorophyll content (99%), seed yield (32%) and seed filling (17%) .

Contd

Comparative efficacy of seed treatment on productivity of stored cotton seeds

Treatment(T) Parameters

Field emergence(%)
Fuzzy (F)

Boll no. plant-1 Seed cotton yield kg 30 m2 22

24 25 26

Seed yield t/ha

Control
Thiram Chlorination Iodination Delinted (F) Control Thiram

81 (63.80)
83 (65.51) 87 (68.81) 93 (74.19)

6.01
6.60 6.60 6.46

4.34
4.26 4.69 4.45

86 (67.70) 85 (67.09)

22 22

6.88 7.11

4.25 4.44

Chlorination
Iodination

88 (67.75)
91 (72.49)

24
28

7.89
9.15

5.44
6.42

Rathinavel (2001)

Standardisation of halogenation treatment to control seed deterioration of sunflower cv. Morden

Treatments Germination(%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Dry Matter (mg)

Control Halogenation (dry) 2g kg-1 Halogenation (dry) 3g kg-1 Halogenation (dry) 4g kg-1 Halogenation(Slurry)2g kg-1

87 88 91 89 89

18.2 19.0 20.8 18.5 19.1

16.7 17.4 19.5 18.3 16.9

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6

Halogenation(slurry)3g kg-1

94

20.8

18.8

0.8

Halogenation(slurry)4g kg-1

88

19.7

18.2

0.5

CD (P=O.O5)

3.93

2.02

1.89

0.04

Influence of halogen and bio-product seed treatment on germination of chilli varieties during storage
Varieties
4 Byadagi kaddi (V1) Dyavanur local (V2) Treatments (T) T1 Calcium oxychloride T2 Potassium iodide T3 Bavistin T4 Neem leaf 89.67 90.83 87.83 84.33 83.33 85.5 81.0 80.0 83.0 86.0 73.16 68.33 78.83 81.33 70.16 65.33 70.0 71.66 64.0 56.5 87.43 84.24 8 83.05 79.23

Germination (%) Storage in months

12 74.90 72.66 16 69.95 68.85 20 61.06 61.48

T5 Pongamia leaf
T6 Sweet flag T7 Control

83.5
82.67 81.5

80.5
77.67 74.5

72.83
66.0 67.17

69.0
60.33 60.33

62.5
62.1 51.83

Ravi Hunje et al (2007)

Effect of halogenation on productivity of paddy seeds stored for 6 months before sowing
Location Control Halogenated Increased yield (kg/ha) Yield increase %

Parakkai
Periakulam Vararai Puthiri Karingal Kadanthankode Malaputheri Thiruvallar

5.05
4.44 4.61 5.35 6.50 4.33 6.30 4.96

5.35
4.68 4.76 5.72 7.00 4.69 6.90 5.51

300
240 150 370 500 360 600 190

5.94
5.41 3.25 6.92 7.69 8.31 9.52 3.83

Pacode
Mean

4.35
5.098

4.61
5.428

250
330

5.75
6.47

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Chadrasenannair (1995)

Effect of Halogenation treatment on Storability and Productivity of Pearl millet cv.BK 560
8 Months after storage Parameters Initial C Germination(%) Vigour index 87 3659 69 1970 CB H 77 2775 C 72 2272 PCB H 83 3154 0.81 42.8 CD(P=0.05)

Field emergence (%)

Pathogen infection (%) Ear weight(g) Yield(kg/ha)

23
82 -

29
60 3 2815

16
78 10 3333

28
71 8 3037

11
81 5 3453

0.93
0.91 0.71 29.8

Malarkodi (1997)

Conclusion