A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land

FLOODS LEAD TO .

Overflow situation damage in terms of life, property and economic loss. Thousands of crores of rupees are spent every year in flood control and forecasting.

Reasons for flood

Heavy rainfall( 26.7.2005) Huge snow melting Failures of dams, barrages etc.,(koshi) Landslides causing blockage of river Tsunami

Principles types of flood

Riverine floods Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a river's channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons, Unexpected drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, or debris can cause slow flooding upstream of the obstruction. Fast kinds: include Flash floods which are much more dangerous and flow much faster than regular floods. Result from tropical storms, dam failures or excessive rain and snow. Estuarine floods Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges caused by storm-force winds.

Types of flood(cont..)
Coastal floods Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of another hazard (e.g. tsunami or hurricane). Catastrophic floods Caused by a significant and unexpected event e.g. dam breakage, or as a result of another hazard (e.g. earthquake or volcanic eruption). Muddy floods A muddy flood is generated by run off on crop land.

Why flood matters??

EFFECTS

The damage due to flood may vary with respect to the magnitude of the flood. Thus we can classify the effects as:

Primary effects Physical damage - Can range anywhere from bridges,cars, buildings, sewer systems, roadways, canals and any other type of structure. Casualties - People and livestock die due to drowning. It can also lead to epidemics and diseases. Secondary effects Water supplies - Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes scarce. Diseases - Unhygienic conditions. Spread of water-borne diseases

Effects (cont..)
Crops and food supplies - Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entire harvest. Trees - Non-tolerant species can die from suffocation Tertiary/long-term effects Economic -, rebuilding costs, food shortage leading to price increase, temporary decline in tourism etc.

F L O O D S

I N

M U M B A I

Floods In Mumbai

The Maharashtra floods of 2005 refers to the flooding of many parts of the Indian state of Maharashtra including large areas of the metropolis Mumbai, a city located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, on the western coast of India, in which at least 5,000 people died. The term 26 July, now is, in context always used for the day when the city of Mumbai came to a standstill.

Overview

The floods were caused by the eighth heaviest ever recorded 24-hour rainfall figure of 994 mm (39.1 inches) which lashed the metropolis on 26 July 2005, and intermittently continued for the next day. 644 mm (25.4 inches) was received within the 12-hr period between 8am and 8pm. The previous record high rainfall in a 24-hour period for Mumbai was 575 mm (22.6 inches) in 1974. People were returning home from work. Many people halted in their offices. Thousands of people were affected badly. Infact every family or person must be having a story for 26th July. Even animals died. Animals were drowned in sheds and streets affected by floods.

Plants and agriculture was destroyed to an greater extent.

Thousands of animal carcasses floated in the flood waters, raising concerns about the possibility of disease.

Causes of Floods in Mumbai

The expansion of Mumbai city in the past couple of decades has been beyond limits Unplanned infrastructure at Bandra-Kurla, Kalina etc, was the main reason for the chest high water clogging in those places Officials in the environment ministry claimed that it was not practical to impose new guidelines with retrospective effect "as there are millions of buildings". Improper maintenance of drainage systems all over Mumbai Both government and people are responsible

Effects of Floods in Mumbai

For the first time ever, Mumbai's domestic and international airports were shut for more than 30 hours Rail links were disrupted, and reports on late evening of 30 July indicated cancellation of several long distance trains up to 6 August, 2005 The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, which witnessed a number of landslides, was closed the first time ever in its history, for 24 hours According to the Hindustan Times, an unprecedented 5 million mobile and 2.3 million MTNL landline users were hit for over four hours Transport stats 52 local trains damaged 37,000 autorickshaws spoilt 4,000 taxis 900 BEST buses damaged 10,000 trucks and tempos grounded

FLOOD CONTROL

Greater losses due to flood Need for control, Measures to be taken No complete control of flood to zero level So Flood Management rather than Flood Control Classification of control measures

Structural measures and 2. Non-structural measures

Flood Control
Structural Measure

Non-Structural Measure

Storage Reservoir Detentio Reservoir Levees Floodways Channel Improvement Watershed Management

Flood Plain zoning Flood forecasting and Warning Evacuation and relocation

Stuctural Measures
STORAGE RESERVOIR: Most reliable and effective flood control method Storage reservoir to absorb incoming flood Release in controlled way so that downstream channels do not get flooded. Several reservoirs to be placed in a river for complete flood control. Graph Kheichera rakhnu hai

Structural Measures (cont..)

DETENTION RESERVIORS -Consist of an obstruction to a river with uncontrolled outlet. -For small structures and temporary storage LEVEES -Also called dikes or flood embankments -Earthen structures parallel to the course of river.

Structural Measures

Height higher than the design flood level. One of the oldest and common methods of flood protection Considerable care and maintenance required since earthen

Structural Measures
FLOODWAYS -Channels into which part of the flood will be diverted during high stages. -Natural or man-made CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT -Widening or deepening of channel -Reduction of channel roughness (clearance of vegetation)

Structural Measures
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT -Aims at cutting down and delaying the runoff before it gets into the river. -Check dams, contour bonding, terraces etc. -Improve soil infiltration capacity hence reduce soil erosion

NON-STRUCTURAL METHODS
FLOOD PLAIN ZONING Identifies the flood prone areas of a river and regulates the land use to restrict the damage due to flood. Development plans are prepared FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING Enables civil authority to take appropriate control measures. Orbiting satellitesPicturesCloud growth rainfall predictionflood prediction

Non-structural methods
-historical records of flooding with study on the parameters: season, river channel topography, soil conditions, rainfall intensity and weather. Study of FLOOD HYDROGRAPH

Flood hydrograph

Hydrograph: Study of the hydrological characteristics of a catchment. Responses of a given catchment to a rainfall input.

USES Use in the design of hydraulic structures Development of flood forecasting and warming systems based on rainfall Extension of flood flow records based on rainfall records (components of hydrograph: \ 1.Rising limb 2. Crest segment 3. Recession limb) Factors affecting flood hydrograph: Physiographic and climatic factors Limitations Precipitation must be from rainfall only Non uniform pptdoesnt give good results (unit hydrograph)

Flood hydrograph

Non-structural measure
EVACUATION AND RELOCATION Evacuation of communities along with their live stocks and other valuables. TemporarilyNonstructural measure, Permanent resettlementStructural measure Decrease loss burden

Conclusion
-Flood is one of deadliest natural disaster. -Preventive measures to be taken in time. -Better engineering structures to prevent flood control -Stringent government steps. -Awareness on flood disaster is required.

Deadliest floods
Death Toll 1)2,500,0003,700,000 2)900,000 2,000,000 3)500,000 700,000 Event China floods China Location 1931 Date

Yellow River (Huang He) flood

China

1887

1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood

China

1938

4)231,000

Banqiao Dam failure, result of Typhoon Nina. China Approximately 86,000 people died from flooding and another 145,000 died during subsequent disease.

1975

5)145,000 6)More than 100,000 7)100,000 8)100,000

Yangtze river flood St. Felix's Flood, storm surge

China

1935

Netherlands

1530

Hanoi and Red River Delta flood Yangtze river flood

North Vietnam China

1971 1911

Thankyou for your kind attention!!

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