Lecture - 9

Leading and Leadership Development In Management

15.12.2012

What we shall discuss

What is the nature of leadership? What are the important leadership traits

and behaviors? What are the contingency theories of leadership? What are some current issues in leadership development?

What is the nature of leadership?

Leadership.
O The process of inspiring others to work hard

to accomplish important tasks.

Contemporary leadership challenges:

O Shorter time frames for accomplishing things. O Expectations for success on the first attempt. O Complex, ambiguous, and multidimensional

problems. O Taking a long-term view while meeting shortterm demands.

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Leading viewed in relationship to the other management functions

What is the nature of leadership?

Power.
O Ability to get someone else to do something you

want done or make things happen the way you want.

Power should be used to influence and

control others for the common good rather seeking to exercise control for personal satisfaction. Two sources of managerial power:
O Position power. O Personal power.
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What is the nature of leadership?

Position power.
O Based on a managers official status in the

organizations hierarchy of authority.

Sources of position power:

O Reward power. O Capability to offer something of value. O Coercive power. O Capability to punish or withhold positive

outcomes. O Legitimate power. O Organizational position or status confers the right to control those in subordinate positions.
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What is the nature of leadership?

Personal power.
O Based on the unique personal qualities that a

person brings to the leadership situation.

Sources of personal power:

O Expert power. O Capacity to influence others because of ones

knowledge and skills. O Referent power. O Capacity to influence others because they admire you and want to identify positively with you.
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Sources of position power and personal power used by managers.

What is the nature of leadership?

Visionary leadership. O Vision
O A future that one hopes to create or achieve

in order to improve upon the present state of affairs.

O Visionary leadership
O A leader who brings to the situation a clear

and compelling sense of the future as well as an understanding of the actions needed to get there successfully.
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What is the nature of leadership?

Meeting the challenges of visionary

leadership:
O Challenge the process. O Show enthusiasm. O Help others to act. O Set the example.

O Celebrate achievements.

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What is the nature of leadership?

Servant leadership
O Commitment to serving others. O Followers more important than leader. O Other centered not self-centered. O Power not a zero-sum quantity. O Focuses on empowerment, not power.

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What is the nature of leadership?

Servant Leadership and empowerment.
O Empowerment. O The process through which managers enable

and help others to gain power and achieve influence. O Effective leaders empower others by providing them with: O Information. O Responsibility. O Authority. O Trust.
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What are the important leadership traits and behaviors?

Traits that are important for leadership

success:
O Drive

O Self-confidence
O Creativity O Cognitive ability O Business knowledge O Motivation O Flexibility O Honesty and integrity
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What are the important leadership traits and behaviors?

Leadership behavior
O Leadership behavior theories focus on how

leaders behave when working with followers.

O Leadership styles are recurring patterns of

behaviors exhibited by leaders.

O Basic dimensions of leadership behaviors:
O Concern for the task to be accomplished.
O Concern for the people doing the work.
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What are the important leadership traits and behaviors? Task concerns People concerns
O Plans and defines work O O O O
O Acts warm and

to be done. Assigns task responsibilities. Sets clear work standards. Urges task completion. Monitors performance results.

O
O O

supportive toward followers. Develops social rapport with followers. Respects the feelings of followers. Is sensitive to followers needs. Shows trust in followers.
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What are the important leadership traits and behaviors?

Blake and Mouton Leadership Grid
O Team management. O High task concern; high people concern. O Authority-obedience management. O High task concern; low people concern. O Country club management. O High people concern; low task concern. O Impoverished management. O Low task concern; low people concern. O Middle of the road management. O Non-committal for both task concern and

people concern.
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Managerial styles in Blake and Moutons Leadership Grid.

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What are the important leadership traits and behaviors? Classic leadership styles:
O Autocratic style. O Emphasizes task over people, keeps authority and

information within the leaders tight control, and acts in a unilateral command-and-control fashion. O Laissez-faire style. O Shows little concern for task, lets the group make decisions, and acts with a do the best you can and dont bother me attitude. O Democratic style. O Committed to task and people, getting things done while sharing information, encouraging participation in decision making, and helping people develop skills and 18 competencies.

What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Fiedlers Contingency Model.

O Good leadership depends on a match between

leadership and situational demands.

O Determining leadership style:
O Low LPC (Least preferred coworker) task-motivated

leaders.
O High LPC relationship-motivated leaders.

O Leadership is part of ones personality, and therefore

relatively enduring and difficult to change.

O Leadership style must be fit to the situation.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Fiedlers contingency model (cont.).

O Diagnosing situational control:
O Quality of leader-member relations (good or poor). O Degree of task structure (high or low). O Amount of position power (strong or weak).

O Task oriented leaders are most successful in:

O Very favorable (high control) situations. O Very unfavorable (low control) situations.

O Relationship-oriented leaders are most successful in:

O Situations of moderate control.
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Matching leadership style and situation: summary predictions from Fiedlers contingency theory.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership

model.
O Leaders adjust their styles depending on

the readiness of their followers to perform in a given situation.

O Readiness how able, willing and confident

followers are in performing tasks.

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Leadership implications of the Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership model.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles:
O Delegating.
O Low-task, low-relationship style. O Works best in high readiness-situations

O Participating.
O Low-task, high-relationship style. O Works best in low- to moderate-readiness

situations.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Hersey-Blanchard leadership styles:
O Selling.
O High-task, high-relationship style.
O Work best in moderate- to high-readiness

situations.
O Telling.
O High-task, low-relationship style.
O Work best in low-readiness situations.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Houses path-goal leadership theory. O Effective leadership deals with the paths through which followers can achieve goals. O Leadership styles for dealing with pathgoal relationships:
O Directive leadership. O Supportive leadership. O Achievement-oriented leadership. O Participative leadership.

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Contingency relationships in the path-goal leadership theory.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Houses leadership styles:
O Directive leadership. O Communicate expectations. O Give directions. O Schedule work. O Maintain performance standards. O Clarify leaders role.
O Supportive leadership. O Make work pleasant. O Treat group members as equals. O Be friendly and approachable. O Show concern for subordinates well-being.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Houses leadership styles:
O Achievement-oriented leadership. O Set challenging goals. O Expect high performance levels. O Emphasize continuous improvement. O Display confidence in meeting high

standards. O Participative leadership. O Involve subordinates in decision making. O Consult with subordinates. O Ask for subordinates suggestions. O Use subordinates suggestions.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

When to use Houses leadership styles: O Use directive leadership when job assignments are ambiguous. O Use supportive leadership when worker self-confidence is low. O Use participative leadership when performance incentives are poor. O Use achievement-oriented leadership when task challenge is insufficient.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Substitutes for leadership.
O Aspects of the work setting and the people

involved that can reduce the need for a leaders personal involvement.
O Possible leadership substitutes:
O Subordinate characteristics. O Task characteristics. O Organizational characteristics.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Vroom-Jago leader-participation theory.

O Helps leaders choose the method of decision

making that best fits the nature of the problem situation.

O Basic decision-making choices:

O Authority decision. O Consultative decision. O Group decision.

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Leadership implications of Vroom-Jago leaderparticipation model.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Decision-making options in the Vroom-Jago

leader-participation theory:
O Decide alone. O Consult individually. O Consult with group. O Facilitate. O Delegate.

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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Contingency factors in the Vroom-Jago leader-

participation theory:
O Decision quality.
O Who has the information needed for problem solving.

O Decision acceptance.
O Importance of subordinate acceptance to eventual

implementation.
O Decision time.
O Time available to make and implement the decision.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

According to Vroom-Jago leader-

participation theory, a leader should use authority-oriented decision methods when

O The leader has greater expertise to solve a

problem. O The leader is confident and capable of acting alone. O Others are likely to accept and implement the decision. O Little or no time is available for discussion.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

According to Vroom-Jago leader-

participation theory, a leader should use group-oriented and participative decision methods when
O the leader lacks sufficient information to solve a

problem by himself/herself. O the problem is unclear and help is needed to clarify the situation. O acceptance of the decision and commitment by others is necessary for implementation. O adequate time is available for true participation.
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What are the contingency theories of leadership?

Benefits of participative decision

methods:
O Help improve decision quality.

O Help improve decision acceptance.

O Helps develop leadership potential.

Potential disadvantages of participative

decision methods:
O Lost efficiency. O Not particularly useful when problems must

be solved immediately.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Superleaders.
O Persons whose vision and strength of personality have

an extraordinary impact on others.

Charismatic leaders.
O Develop special leader-follower relationships and

inspire others in extraordinary ways.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Transactional leadership
O Someone who directs the efforts of others through

tasks, rewards, and structures

Transformational leadership
O Someone who is truly inspirational as a leader and who

arouses others to seek extraordinary performance accomplishments.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Characteristics of transformational

leaders:
O Vision. O Charisma. O Symbolism. O Empowerment.

O Intellectual stimulation.
O Integrity.
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What are current issues in leadership development?

Emotional intelligence. O The ability of people to manage themselves and their relationships effectively. O Components of emotional intelligence:
O O O O

Self-awareness. Self-regulation. Motivation. Empathy. Social skill.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Gender and leadership. O Both women and men can be effective leaders. O Women tend to use interactive leadership.
O A style that shares qualities with

transformational leadership.
O Men tend to use transactional leadership.
O Interactive leadership provides a good fit with the

demands of a diverse workforce and the new workplace.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Gender and leadership O Future leadership success will depend on a persons capacity to lead through:
O O O O

Openness. Positive relationships. Support. Empowerment.

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What are current issues in leadership development? Druckers old-fashioned leadership.

O Leadership is more than charisma; it is good old-

fashioned hard work.

O Essentials of old-fashioned leadership:
O Defining and establishing a sense of mission.
O Accepting leadership as a responsibility rather than a

rank.
O Earning and keeping the trust of others.

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What are current issues in leadership development?

Moral leadership.
O Ethical leadership adheres to moral

standards meeting the test of good rather than bad and right rather than wrong. O All leaders are expected to maintain high ethical standards. O Long-term, sustainable success requires ethical behavior. O Integrity involves the leaders honesty, credibility, and consistency in putting values into action.
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What are current issues in leadership development?

Moral leadership
O Leaders with integrity earn the trust of their

followers. O Leaders have a moral obligation to build performance capacities by awakening peoples potential. O Authentic leadership activates performance through the positive psychological states of confidence, hope, optimism, and resilience. O Authentic leadership helps in clearly framing and responding to moral dilemmas, and serving as ethical role models.
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Thanks