You are on page 1of 21

ULTRASONIC WAVE

Ass.Prof. A. TITUS SAMUEL Department of Physics, Sairam Engineering college, Chennai

INTRODUCTION
Derived from 2 latin words i.e. ultra--- beyond sonic---hearing sound It is a mechanical wave of high frequency i.e. >20,000Hz. In medical term it is called ultrasound

Ranges
Audible range of human ear is 2020,000Hz. Cat & dogs can hear up to 30KHz. Bat can detect up to 100KHz. Some insect can produce ultrasound up to 40KHz.

PRODUCTION OF US WAVE
CAN BE PRODUCED BY FOLLOWING METHOD 1.Mechanical method[Galtons whistle] 2.Magnetostriction oscillator 3.Piezoelectric oscillator

GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES


General principle involved in generating ultrasonic wave is to cause dense vibration in a dense material to vibrate very rapidly. The vibration caused surrounding material to vibrate with same frequency. The vibration then spread out in the form of ultrasonic wave.

GALTONS WHISTLE
Galton's whistle can be used to produce sounds varying in pitch from audible to ultrasonic. It is useful in measuring the highest audible frequency of the human ear. A graduated barrel with a micrometer measures the length of the column of air vibrating in the whistle. An oscilloscope can be used to display the silent sound waves and to measure their frequency.

Galtons whistle

Magneto-striction Oscillator
In this case an iron or nickel element is magnetized to change its dimensions, thereby producing ultrasonic waves.

Magneto-striction Oscillator

Magneto-striction Oscillator
Animation Merits and Demerits
Magnetostriction materials are easily available and inexpensive. Simple circuit to construct. Large output power-generated. Single frequency is not possible since varying elastic constant due to repeated magnetization. Only up to 300kHz is possible. Energy loss due to eddy current loss

What is Piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity means pressure electricity, which is used to describe the coupling between a materials mechanical and electrical behaviors.
Piezoelectric Effect when a piezoelectric material is squeezed or stretched, electric charge is generated on its surface. Inverse Piezoelectric Effect Conversely, when subjected to a electric voltage input, a piezoelectric material mechanically deforms.

Quartz Crystals
Highly anisotropic X-cut: vibration in the direction perpendicular to the cutting direction Y-cut: vibration in the transverse direction

Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Ceramics (man-made materials)
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Lead Titanate Zirconate (PbZrTiO3) = PZT, most widely used The composition, shape, and dimensions of a piezoelectric ceramic element can be tailored to meet the requirements of a specific purpose.

Photo courtesy of MSI, MA

Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Polymers
PVDF (Polyvinylidene flouride) film

Piezoelectric Composites
A combination of piezoelectric ceramics and polymers to attain properties which can be not be achieved in a single phase

Image courtesy of MSI, MA

Piezoelectric Properties
Anisotropic Notation: direction X, Y, or Z is represented by the subscript 1, 2, or 3, respectively, and shear about one of these axes is represented by the subscript 4, 5, or 6, respectively.

Piezoelectric Properties
The electromechanical coupling coefficient, k, is an indicator of the effectiveness with which a piezoelectric material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or vice versa.
kxy, The first subscript (x) to k denotes the direction along which the electrodes are applied; the second subscript (y) denotes the direction along which the mechanical energy is developed. This holds true for other piezoelectric constants discussed later. Typical k values varies from 0.3 to 0.75 for piezoelectric ceramics.

Mechanical Energy Stored Electrical Energy Applied

or

Electrical Energy Stored Mechanical Energy Applied

Piezoelectric Properties
The piezoelectric charge constant, d, relates the mechanical strain produced by an applied electric field,
Because the strain induced in a piezoelectric material by an applied electric field is the product of the value for the electric field and the value for d, d is an important indicator of a material's suitability for strain-dependent (actuator) applications. The unit is Meters/Volt, or Coulombs/Newton

Strain Developmen t d Applied Electric Field

xi dij Vj

PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
1. When a specially cut piezoelectric quartz crystal is compressed, the crystal becomes electrically charged and an electric current is generated. 2. On reversing this process the direction of current will reverse itself. Alternatively compressing & stretching the crystal will produce an alternating current. 3.So by applying an alternating current of natural frequency of crystal, crystal can be made to expand & contract with the alternating current 4.Such current on crystal produce ultrasonic wave.

PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
Animation Merits and demerits
Can generate above 500 MHz Stable frequency. Wide range of frequencies are possible.

Piezoelectric crystals are costly. Cutting and shaping is very hard.

Properties of ultrasonic waves


Highly energetic< can go for longer distance Can go under reflection , refraction & absorption process. Produces stationary wave when passes through liquid. Exposure to an object for a longer time cause heat effect. Due to high freq. & short wavelength , can be focused in a narrow beams.

Refrences
www.wikepedia.org www.sonochemistry.info/index.htm http://science.jrank.org www.scienceclarified.com www.scholarsresuorce.com

You might also like