Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Derived from 2 latin words i.e. ultra--- beyond sonic---hearing sound It is a mechanical wave of high frequency i.e. >20,000Hz. In medical term it is called ultrasound
Ranges
Audible range of human ear is 2020,000Hz. Cat & dogs can hear up to 30KHz. Bat can detect up to 100KHz. Some insect can produce ultrasound up to 40KHz.
PRODUCTION OF US WAVE
CAN BE PRODUCED BY FOLLOWING METHOD 1.Mechanical method[Galtons whistle] 2.Magnetostriction oscillator 3.Piezoelectric oscillator
GALTONS WHISTLE
Galton's whistle can be used to produce sounds varying in pitch from audible to ultrasonic. It is useful in measuring the highest audible frequency of the human ear. A graduated barrel with a micrometer measures the length of the column of air vibrating in the whistle. An oscilloscope can be used to display the silent sound waves and to measure their frequency.
Galtons whistle
Magneto-striction Oscillator
In this case an iron or nickel element is magnetized to change its dimensions, thereby producing ultrasonic waves.
Magneto-striction Oscillator
Magneto-striction Oscillator
Animation Merits and Demerits
Magnetostriction materials are easily available and inexpensive. Simple circuit to construct. Large output power-generated. Single frequency is not possible since varying elastic constant due to repeated magnetization. Only up to 300kHz is possible. Energy loss due to eddy current loss
What is Piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity means pressure electricity, which is used to describe the coupling between a materials mechanical and electrical behaviors.
Piezoelectric Effect when a piezoelectric material is squeezed or stretched, electric charge is generated on its surface. Inverse Piezoelectric Effect Conversely, when subjected to a electric voltage input, a piezoelectric material mechanically deforms.
Quartz Crystals
Highly anisotropic X-cut: vibration in the direction perpendicular to the cutting direction Y-cut: vibration in the transverse direction
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Ceramics (man-made materials)
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Lead Titanate Zirconate (PbZrTiO3) = PZT, most widely used The composition, shape, and dimensions of a piezoelectric ceramic element can be tailored to meet the requirements of a specific purpose.
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Polymers
PVDF (Polyvinylidene flouride) film
Piezoelectric Composites
A combination of piezoelectric ceramics and polymers to attain properties which can be not be achieved in a single phase
Piezoelectric Properties
Anisotropic Notation: direction X, Y, or Z is represented by the subscript 1, 2, or 3, respectively, and shear about one of these axes is represented by the subscript 4, 5, or 6, respectively.
Piezoelectric Properties
The electromechanical coupling coefficient, k, is an indicator of the effectiveness with which a piezoelectric material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or vice versa.
kxy, The first subscript (x) to k denotes the direction along which the electrodes are applied; the second subscript (y) denotes the direction along which the mechanical energy is developed. This holds true for other piezoelectric constants discussed later. Typical k values varies from 0.3 to 0.75 for piezoelectric ceramics.
or
Piezoelectric Properties
The piezoelectric charge constant, d, relates the mechanical strain produced by an applied electric field,
Because the strain induced in a piezoelectric material by an applied electric field is the product of the value for the electric field and the value for d, d is an important indicator of a material's suitability for strain-dependent (actuator) applications. The unit is Meters/Volt, or Coulombs/Newton
xi dij Vj
PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
1. When a specially cut piezoelectric quartz crystal is compressed, the crystal becomes electrically charged and an electric current is generated. 2. On reversing this process the direction of current will reverse itself. Alternatively compressing & stretching the crystal will produce an alternating current. 3.So by applying an alternating current of natural frequency of crystal, crystal can be made to expand & contract with the alternating current 4.Such current on crystal produce ultrasonic wave.
PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
Animation Merits and demerits
Can generate above 500 MHz Stable frequency. Wide range of frequencies are possible.
Refrences
www.wikepedia.org www.sonochemistry.info/index.htm http://science.jrank.org www.scienceclarified.com www.scholarsresuorce.com