Water is most abundant, useful & misused one It is universal solvent

Surface water :
1. Rain Water : Purest one among all the sources May consists industrial gases like COx , NOx , SOx,
2. River Water : It is flow water This dissolves minerals of soil Contains SO4-2, NO-3 , of Fe+2, Ca+2 & Mg+2 3. Lake Water : Has more const. Chemical compositions Contains lesser amount of dissolved salts high % of organic matter.

4. Sea Water : It is most impure form Continuous evaporation increases concentration of impurities. Average of impurities in sea water Dissolved salts = 3.5 % NaCl = 2.6 % Others K, HCO3-, Mg, Ca Surface water, generally contains suspended particles Which may often contains the disease producing bacteria. It is not suitable for human consumption. Under Ground Water : Part of rain water, Reaches the earth, percolates into the earth. It comes in constant with a no of minerals

EFFECT OF WATER ON ROCKS AND MINERALS

1. Dissolution :

NaCl CaSO4.2H2O

Dissolves in water (Na+ + Cl-) Ca+2 + SO4-2 + H2O

2. Hydration : Anhydrite minerals undergo hydration to form products of increased volume.

CaSO4 + 2H2O Mg2SiO4 + xH2O

CaSO4 . 2H2O Gypsum (of 33% more volume) Mg2SiO4 . x H2O.

3. Action of dissolved oxygen :

2Fe2O4 + O2 3 Fe2O3 + 2H2O 2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2

2Fe2O3 Magnetite 3Fe2O3 2H2O Limonite. 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4

4. Action of dissolved Carbon dioxide :

Converts insoluble carbonates of Ca, Mg and Fe into soluble bicarbonates. Converts rock forming silicates to carbonates.

TYPES OF IMPURITIES IN WATER

Natural water contaminated by different types of

impurities. The quality of water depends on the following heads: I) Physical impurities: a) Color: Color in water is caused by metallic substances like salts of Fe, Mn, algae, Protozoa & Industrial effluents. b)Turbidity: Is due to the colloidal, inorganic & organic, micro organisms etc,.

 c) Taste: is usually inter linked directly with odour. Ex:

Bitter taste can be due to the presence of Fe, Al, Mn, Sulphate or excess of Lime. d) Odour: Disagreeable odour is water may be caused by the presence of living organisms, algae , bacteria & fungi etc,. II)Chemical impurities in water: Inorganic and organic chemicals released from dyes,paints, drugs, textile industries etc. a)Acidity: Acidity is caused by the presence of Free CO2,Mineral acids(H2SO4) & weakly dissociated acids.

 b) Gases
c) Mineral matters III) Biological impurities: Algae, fungi, viruses etc,.

HARDNESS OF WATER

Characteristic of water which prevents lathering of soap, Due to the presence of salts of Ca, Mg & other heavy metals. Hard water does not produce lather, form white scum or precipitate Precipitate forms due to the formation insoluble soaps (Calcium stearate & magnesium stearate)
C17H35COONa + Ca+2 C17H35COONa + Mg+2 (C17 H35COO)2 Ca + Na+ (C17 H35COO)2 Mg + Na+

Types : 1. Temporary (carbonate) Hardness 2. Permanent ( Non carbonate ) Hardness Temporary Hardness : (Carbonate) Caused due to the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of Ca, Mg, Na, K. Destroyed by boiling.
Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 CaCO3 +CO2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + CO2

Permanent (Non Carbonate) : Caused due to the presence of Chloride, Sulphates, Nitrates of Ca, Mg, and other metals. Cant be removed by boiling. Calcium Carbonate Equivalence : Hardness is expressed in calcium carbonate equivalence. M.Wt. of CaCO3 = 100 Most insoluble

Mass of hardness producing subs tan ce chemical equivalent weight of CaCO3 Chemical Equivalent weight of hardness producing subs tan ce

Units : 1 ppm = 1 part of CaCO3 present in 106 parts of water 1 mg/lit. = 1 mg of CaCO3 present in 1L of water 10C1 = 1 part of CaCO3 present in70,000 L of water (1 Gallon) 10 Fr = 1 part of CaCO3 present in 105 parts of water

1 ppm = 1mg/lit = 0.07 0C1 = 0.1 0Fr

EDTA method : (Complexometric method) EDTA = Elthylene diamine tetra acetic acid It exists as its di sodium salt

Na OOC H+N
-

H2 C C H2

COON+H COO-Na+

OOC

Principle :

Equivalent point (end point ) is determined by

eriochrome black T indicator (alcoholic solution of blue dye.) Indicator is effective at pH 10 Buffer used is (NH4OH NH4Cl) to maintain pH
M+2 +EBT Hard water (Unstable) [M(EBT) [M(EBT)] Wine red [M(EDTA)] + EBT (blue)

Colour change wine-red to blue

 Procedure :

1. Preparation of standard Hard water :

1 Grm of dry CaCO3

Heat -CO2 Min. Quantity of dil. HCL Dissolve in distilled water Make the vol. 1 L Its concentration is 1000 ppm or 1 mg / 1ml

2. Standardization of EDTA 3. Estimation of total Hardness 4. Estimation of permanent Hardness

 Advantages :
Great accuracy Convenience

rapid procedure

Disadvantages of Hard Water :

1. Domestic Washing : does not lather with soap Produces sticky ppt of Ca, Mg soaps. This continues till all the Ca & Mg present in water are predicated. This causes wastage of soap. Bathing : Produces sticky scum on bath tub & body.

Cooking : Due to presence of salts boiling point of water is elevated. Moe fuel and time is required for cooking Gives unpleasant smell. Drinking : Effects the digestive system.

Industries : Textile Industry : Much of soap go as waste because hard water cannot produce good quality of lather. Sugar Industry : Difficult in crystallization

Dye Industry : Yields impure shades & gives spots. Pharmaceuticals : Produce undesirable products as it consists of Ca & Mg salts. Steam Generation boilers : Scale & sludge formation Corrosion Priming & foaming Caustic embrittlement

POTABLE WATER
Municipalities have to supply potable water ,i.e. water

which is safe to drink. Drinking or potable water ,fit for human consumption, Should satisfy the following essential requirements: 1) It should be sparking clear & odour less. 2) It should be pleasant in taste. 3) Its turbidity should not exceed 10 ppm. 4)Its alkalinity should not be high, its pH should be about 8.0.

 5)Its total dissolved solids should be less than 500

ppm.
6) It should be free from disease producing micro

organisms.
7) It should be free from objectionable minerals such

as Pb, As, Cr & Mn salts Etc.

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE

Natural water from rivers canals etc., not suitable for human consumption the impurities may be removed by the following processes.

Removal of Suspended impurities:

Screening:
Raw water is passed through screens having large number of holes. With this process floating matter is removed

Sedimentation: It is a process of allowing water to stand undisturbed in big tanks about 5 m deep. The clear supernatant water is then drawn from tanks with the help of pump. Coagulation: Coagulants like alum or ferrous sulphate provide Al+3 or Fe+3 ions, which neutralize the negative charge on the colloidal clay particles. With the help of Coagulants colloidal particles also settle down

With alum
Al 2 SO4 3 Ca ( HCO3)2 2 Al (OH )3 3CaSO4 6CO2 (coagulant ) (Cal .Bicarbonat e Alu min ium hydroxide present in H O) 2 ( Flocculant ppt.)

With Sodium Aluminate: NaAlO2+2H2O Al (OH)3 +NaOH

 Filtration : It is the process of removing colloidal matter and

most of the bacterias micro-organisms by passing through a bed of fine sand and other proper-sized granular materials.

Removal of micro-organisms : Water after passing through sedimentation, coagulation and filtration still contains a small percentage of disease causing bacterias. The process of destroying such bacterias from the water and making it safe for use is called disinfection. This may be carried out in different ways By boiling : Water is boiled for 10-15 minutes, all the disease producing bactrias are killed. By adding bleaching powder : In Small water works about 1 kg of bleaching powder for 1000 kL of water is mixed and is allowed to stand for several hours.

 CaOCl2 + H2O Ca (OH)2 + Cl2 Cl2+H2O HCl + HOCl

Germs +HOCl Germs are killed.

Drawbacks: It makes water hard It deteriorates Only calculated quantity should be added

 By Chlorination : Chlorine produces hypochlorous acid which is

powerful germicide. Mechanism of action: HOCl H+ + OClDue to liberation of nascent oxygen bacteria are

killed. Chemical reaction of hypochlorous acid with the enzymes in the cell of the organisms, death of microorganisms causes.

Factors affecting efficiency of chlorine : Time of Contact Temperature of water pH of water

Advantages of chlorine: Most effective and economical Requires very little space for storage. It is stable (does not decompose) Most ideal disinfectant. Disadvantages : Excess chlorine causes unpleasant taste and odour. It is effective below 6.5 pH.

Break-point Chlorination (Free residual chlorination): It involves in addition of sufficient amount of chlorine to oxidize a)Organic matter b) Reducing substances c) Free ammonia
The dosage of applied chlorine and the free Chlorine can be depicted graphically in which appearance of following four stages occurs:

The addition of chlorine at the dip or break is called break point chlorination. All tastes odors disappear at break-point, resulting in appearance of water free from bad taste and others. Because of the highly persistent and powerful disinfection possessed by available free chlorine and type of pathogenic are destroyed.

Dechlorination carried out by the following reactions SO2+Cl2 +2 H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2HCl By Ozone: Ozone is an excellent disinfectant, which is produced by passing silent electric discharge through cold and dry oxygen. It is highly unstable and breaks down. Liberating nascent oxygen. 3O2 2O3 O3 O2 + [O]

Reverse Osmosis: When two solutions of unequal concentrations are separated by a *SPM, flow of solvent takes place from dilute to concentrated sides, due to osmosis. If a hydrostatic pressure in excess of osmotic pressure is applied on the concentrated side the solvent flow reverses. The membrane filtration is also called as Superfiltration or Hyper-filtration. In this method 15-40 Kg/Cm2 is applied.

Advantages: It removes ionic, non-ionic, colloidal substances etc. Cost is on the replacement of SPM (life time 2years) Converts sea water into drinking water and obtaining water for very high pressure boilers.