Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah University of Semarang

VITAMIN

Vitamins
Organic compounds
Required in small amounts for normal

functioning of the body, promote growth, reproduction, maintenance of health & life Cant be synthesized in the body & must be provided in the diet

Water soluble vitamins Vitamins Absorption Transports B, C Directly into the blood Travel freely into the blood

Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K First into the lymph before the blood Require protein carriers

Storage Excretion

Circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body Kidney detect and remove excess in urine

Stored in the cells associated with fat Less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat storage sites

Toxicity

Possible to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements

Likely to reach toxic level when consumed from supplements

Requirements

Needed in frequent doses

Needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even monthly)

Vitamin A
Vit A in foods
Sources : Preformed (Retinoid) Liver, fish, eggs, fortified margarine, etc Pro vitamin (Carotenoid) Vegetables, fruits, carrots Conversion values :

1 IU = 0,3 g retinol = 3,6 g beta carotene = 7,2 g other dietary pro vit A

Functions :
Protein synthesis
Integrity Reproduction and growth Vision

Mechanism of the action on protein synthesis

Carried by RBP in the blood Enters the target cell Enters the nucleus Binds to it nuclear-retinoid receptors This complex binds to DNA, activating gene transcription The resulting mRNA has the code for the protein Protein synthesis

Mucous membrane integrity

It helps to maintain the skin and mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and

urinary tracts

Role in vision
Retinal binds to the protein opsin to form rhodopsin, a visual pigment (found in the rods of retina),this leads to black/white vision

Vitamin D
= cholecalciferol Found as ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) Both activated in plants/animals skin by UV radiation

(conditional vitamin) D3 primarily used as precursor for calcium regulation Deficiency bone deformation An excess of vitamin D can lead to hypervitaminosis resulting in renal failure, weight loss, and calcification of soft tissues in the body

Vitamin E

= tocopherol Active form is alpha tocopherol Good antioxidant Deficiency :

Nervous system damage Reduced immune functions Fragile red blood cells

Overdosing :
Diarrhea, nausea, headache, fatigue

Vitamin K
= menadione
Originally identified as fat-soluble factor required for normal blood-clotting

Menadione is the most active form

Actually works by activating blood-clotting protein

Deficiency occurs when a person takes antibiotic (certain type), or has impaired fat absorption
Also occur in newborn, typically low birth weight

Water soluble vitamins

These are vitamins that are also needed in small amounts due to their role in enzymatic reactions in the cells After being ingested, they undergo chemical modifications which convert them into enzymes Taking larger doses of these vitamin is pointless because they are not stored in the body

Thiamin B1
Chief function : part of coenzyme TPO (Thiamine Pyrophosphate) in the metabolism of CHO Deficiency : manifest chiefly as neuromuscular disorders
Symptoms : enlarged heart, cardiac failure,

weakness, apathy, poor short term memory, anorexia, weight loss Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholism)

Riboflavin B2
Chief function : part of FMN (Flavin

Mononucleotide), FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism Riboflavin coenzyme have redox reaction function in all energy-yielding pathways Deficiency : manifested chiefly as dermal and neural disorders Symtoms : sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of mouth (cheilosis and anular stomatitis), painful, smooth, purplish red tongue Rarely fatal efficient reutilization of riboflavin released in catabolism of enzymes

Niacin
Forms : niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
The coenzyme form : niacin, NAD and NADP

are active participants in redox reaction Sources : rice polishings, yeast, rice bran Tryptophan can be converted to niacin in the body Deficiency : pellagra, dermatitis, anemia, skin lesions, sunburning

Pyridoxine B6
Generic descriptor for all 3-hidroxy-2methylpyridine

derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of pyridoxine The metabolically active form of B6 is pyridoxal phosphate, which functions as a coenzyme for reactions involving amino acids Required for synthesis and breakdown of amino acids Sources : fish, meat, poultry, leafy green vegetables RDA : 2.0 mg/day Deficiency (rare) : nervousness/muscular weakness Overdose : if 50-100times the RDA are taken
Peripheral neuropathy in young women has been seen

Pantothenic Acid
Essential for the normal metabolism of fats and carbohydrates Sources : meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes RDA : 4-7 mg/day Deficiency (rare, except in alcoholics) : gastrointestinal, neuromotor, and cardiovascular disorders Gets converted to CoA in the body (functional form), also important in fatty acid metabolism

Biotin
Involved in carboxylation / decarboxylation reactions in the metabolism of fats, carbs, and protein Sources : liver, egg yolks, cheese, peanuts, bacteria in the intestines
Deficiency (rare) : dermatitis, loss of

appetite/nausea, muscle, pain, elevated blood cholesterol, birth defects (labiopalatoschisis, short limbs)

Folic acid
Recently shown as a very important for pregnant females to

avoid birth defects Function : synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleic acid Deficiency :

Megaloblastic anemia NTD (Neural Tube Defect)

Babys brain and spine fail to close completely (neural tube closing properly to form spinal collumn and brain)
Anencephaly : upper end of the neural tube fails to close, brain either never completely develops or is totally absent Spina bifida : neural tube fails to close on lower end, spinal cord and back do not develop properly

CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) Cancer

Low folate status suggested play a role in early carcinogenesis

Cyanocobalamine
Chemically complex
Function : coenzyme in metabolic reactions,

maturation of RBC Deficiency : pernicious anemia, nerve disorders

Vitamin C
= ascorbic acid Function : antioxidant, stress reducer, bone calcificaion, iron metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, blood clotting Important for growth/repair of connective tissue, teeth, bones, and cartilage Promotes wound healing, enhance absorption of iron, helps synthesize several hormones Deficiency : stomatitis, scorbut, slowly wound healing Toxicity : nausea, diarrhea, kidney stone