Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Secondary Curricula through Promoting the Learning and Teaching of Language Arts
Poetry
February 25, 2005
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Before We Start:
Workshop activity 1
What is POETRY? How do you define it? What do you think of teaching and learning poetry?
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Getting started
Understanding poetry
Criticism of life
Matthew Arnold
William Wordsworth
What is Poetry?
Poetry is the lava of the imagination W.B. Yeats Lord Byron Blood, imagination and intellect running together
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POETRY
Poetic Language
Visual imagery
Mental pictures created with words
Simile
Explicit comparison, using like, as, similar to, resembles
Metaphor
Implied comparison
Personification
Giving human qualities to an animal, object or abstract idea
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The Sea
The sea is a hungry dog, Metaphor Giant and grey. He rolls on the beach all day. With his clashing teeth and shaggy jaws The rumbling, tumbling stones, And Bones, bones, bones, bones! The giant sea-dog moans, Licking his greasy paws. James Reeves
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Poetic Language
Sound imagery
Feelings and moods created by sounds
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Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds in words
Onomatopoeia
Use of words that sound like the objects or actions they describe
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Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds
Consonance
Repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the lines
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Consonance
S (32 times) H (10 times) W (8 times)
Assonance
long vowels
Alliteration Effect:
soft hissing sound
Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep. And miles to go before I sleep.
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Have a Go!
Workshop Activity 2
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Study the quotations and identify the visual and sound imageries
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Poetic Language
Rhythm
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Rhythm
Regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in the lines The attributes of rhythm
Meaning Metrical patterns (regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables) Grammatical structure Punctuation Pitch Pace
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How it sings, sings, sings, Blowing sharply from the sea-line, With an edge of salt that stings; How it laughs aloud, and passes, As it cuts the close cliff-grasses; How it sings again, and whistles As it shakes the stout sea-thistles -- How it sings! How it shrieks, shrieks, shrieks, In the crannies of the headlands In the gashes of the creeks; How it shrieks once more, and catches Up the yellow foam in patches: How it whirls it out and over To the corn-field and the clover -How it shrieks! How it roars, roars, roars, In the iron under-caverns, In the hollows of the shores; How it roars anew, and thunders, As the strong hull splits and sunders: And the spent ship, tempest driven, On the reef lies rent and riven -How it roars! How it wails, wails, wails, In the tangle of the wreckage, In the flapping of the sails; How it sobs away, subsiding, Like a tired child after chiding;
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Poetic Language
Rhyme
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Rhyme
The matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words
Rhyming / Rhyme scheme A pattern of the end rhymes within the poem
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a a a a
a b c b d e e
Life is real! Life is earnest! a And the grave is not its goal; b Dust thou art, to dust returnest,a Was not spoken of the soul. b
Write a poem About a lion they said, So from memories Of lions in my head I wrote about Tawny eyes and slashing claws, Lashing tail and sabred jaws
Twinkle, twinkle little star How I wonder who you are Up above the world so high Like a diamond in the sky.
a a b b
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Types of poems
Traditional classification
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Ballad
A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, with swift action and direct style
Blank verse
Unrhymed ten-syllable lines
Free verse
A poem without a regular pattern of metre or rhyme
Ode
A long stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter and form
Limerick
A five-lined rhymed poem that makes fun
Sonnet
A fourteen-lined lyrical poem that conforms to a set rhyme scheme
Elegy
A poem expressing grief, of subjective or meditative nature
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Types of poem
Modern classification
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Acrostic poem
A poem in which the first letter of each line, when read vertically, spell out a word, which is usually the subject of the poem.
Diamond poem
A seven-lined diamondshaped poem that specifies the part of speech in each line, sometimes with contrasting ideas
Haiku
A Japanese-style poem of three lines, each with a fixed number of syllables (5,7,5 or 4,8,4) -mainly about nature and feelings
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Shape poem
Words are placed to make the shape of an object or ideas described
Acrostic poem
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F O R O O D
I F OR U N
H NOT
O N
E V E R Y O N
F O R
Anonymous
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Smelly Tofu
Yummy! Spicy, savoury Delicious, heavenly, mouth-watering A brown crispy square of deep-fried bean curd Disgusting, unpleasant, repulsive Stinky, greasy Yucky!
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Have a Go!
Workshop Activity 3
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How can you help students to respond to the poem? What kind of response will you aim for?
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Teaching strategies
Use pictures, realia, situations, context etc to help students visualise the meaning of the poem.
Use different strategies and activities to encourage students to respond to the poem
Commenting on the ideas, themes and events Relating these to their own experience Acting out or writing something related to the poem
Let students hear the poem and follow it Familiarize them with the intonation, stress and inflection patterns
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Lesson Examples
The Sound Collector by Roger McGough
onomatopoeia, vocabulary development support understanding
The hissing of the frying pan The ticking of the grill The bubbling of the bathtub As it starts to fill
The drumming of the raindrops On the window-pane When you do the washing up The gurgling of the drain The crying of the baby The squeaking of the chair The swishing of the curtain The creaking of the chair A stranger called this morning He didnt leave his name Left us only silence Life will never be the same.
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Step One:
Students match words and pictures
Step Two
Students listen to sounds and match them with the pictures. They then match the item that makes the sound with the word for that sound
Objective:
To pre-teach vocabulary
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www.findsounds.com
Sounds
Sound 1 Sound 2 Sound 3 Sound 4
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Step three: students identify vocabulary in the poem. They list their favourite sounds
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Step Four:
Students make poems listing the sounds which they hear in particular locations. They may use the sounds to tell a story if they wish.
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MY FRIEND THROUGH MY EYES You are a star in the sky, Bright and shining, Guiding me with your light, With you, I know the way. You are an umbrella in the rain, Loving and protecting, You help me so much, With you, I know I am safe. You are a candle on a dark night, Warm and comforting, You make me strong, With you, I am never alone. You are a rainbow after a storm, Beautiful and colourful, You always give me hope, A promise that will last Friendship is a precious gift A gift to treasure and keep forever.
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Step One: students see pictures, some of which are related to the poem. They write down words which they associate with the pictures, including sounds, smells, feelings not only names of objects
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Step Two:
Students match the verses of the poem with some of the pictures from the first worksheet
Objectives:
Check comprehension Show how words can also create pictures
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Step Three: students write word pictures based on the pictures from the powerpoint but not in the poem
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Step Four: students create poems using their own word pictures or metaphors
Weaker classes made badges with metaphors on them as gifts for their friends
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Dreams
Langston Hughes
Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die, Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go, Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.
Your Turn!
Mini workshop
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Refer to the poems The Headmonster and Ghosts (yellow sheets). Listen to the poems. Work in pairs. Complete the checklist (beige sheet) for one of A haunted house? the Ghosts poems.
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Another meaning of the poem is about rumours --- Can we always believe what we hear?
They are supposed to be scary ghosts but why do they eat sweets and dance a jig?
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Vocabulary: names of monsters, strong visual element makes it not so difficult to put across new vocabulary by using pictures and actions Language: Introducing reported speech Weve heard that, Its rumoured that.. in the context of passing on rumours
Activities: Matching pictures with verses of the poem, drawing pictures of the Headmonster, act out his first lesson or assembly. A parent writes a letter of complaint, etc
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Performing poetry
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You are going to watch the performance of two students during their rehearsal
First poem: One That Got Away Second poem: A Psalm of Life
While you watch, note the strengths and weaknesses of each performance.
As a teacher, what comments / suggestions for improvement would you give to the students?
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Teachers preparation
Read the poem aloud to yourself -- How would you read it to put across the meaning?
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Train students to highlight the following through their voice and facial expressions :
significant words that need special treatment (sense words, onomatopoeia) the climax / punch line the contrast (fast & slow, hard & soft, staccato & smooth, heavy & light)
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Useful tips
Teach and ensure understanding of the whole poem, but rehearse section by section Do not use explanation only --Students must visualise and appreciate the poem before they can speak it meaningfully. Never allow premature memorisation -- Memorization of the words without feeling is disastrous Its difficult to undo any mistakes
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Choral Speaking
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Techniques (1)
Orchestration Use different voices for special effect: Divide poem into choral passages, small groups, solo lines or phrases
Techniques (2)
Achieve extra effects with judicious use of
gestures
All speakers using simultaneous gestures; Individuals / small groups gesticulating on certain words / lines
props
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Techniques (3)
Make pleasant grouping for better vocal and visual effects Group according to quality of voices (dark / light) Students speaking together stand together Change grouping to fit changes of mood Shapes can be related to topic All speakers should be seen
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Useful tips
It is essential for every speaker to know the whole poem.
Never divide the class into groups and give each group different parts of the poem to learn.
It is important for learners to show their involvement and enjoyment through facial expressions and eye contact A good blend of voices and synchronized movements show good co-ordination Maintain good discipline at all times.
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Key to success
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SUCCESS !
Clear speech and accurate pronunciation are of paramount importance
It is important that students enjoy the choral work --know when to stop.
Aim not at perfection, but spontaneity. Adapt your expectation and treatment to bring out the best in the students
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Questioning time
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Anthologies of Poems
Brian Pattern (ed.) (1998) The Puffin Book of Utterly Brilliant Poetry. London, Puffin Books Michael Harrison & Christopher Stuart-Clark (Eds.)(1999) The New Oxford Treasury of Childrens Poems. Oxford, Oxford University Press Sadler, Hayllar, Powell (1981) Enjoying Poetry. South Yarra, Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd Michael Rosen (ed.) (1985) The Kingfisher Book of Childrens Poetry. London, Kingfisher Publications Plc Helen Ferris (ed.) (1965) Favorite Poems Old and New. USA, Doubleday & Company, Inc. Pappas, Lewis & Middenway (ed.) (1979) Images. Melbourne, Longman Cheshire
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Thank you!
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