Advertising and Public Relations

Advertising

Any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor $290 billion estimated annual advertising bill P&G spent $5.2 billion in 2009 on U.S. advertising; Unilever $.4.5 The 34th largest advertising spender in the world is a not-for-profit org. Good way to inform and persuade

Advertising

Marketing management must make four important decisions when developing an advertising program:

Setting advertising objectives Setting the advertising budget Developing advertising strategy (message decisions and media decisions) Evaluating ad campaigns

Setting Advertising Objectives

A specific communication task to be accomplished with a specific target audience during a specific period of time The aim is to inform, persuade, or remind The overall advertising objective is to help build customer relationships by communicating customer value

Informative Advertising

Used heavily when introducing a new product category The objective is to build primary demand Early producers of DVD players first had to inform consumers of the image quality and convenience benefits of the new product

Persuasive Advertising

Becomes more important as competition increases Here, the companys objective is to build selective demand Once DVD players became established, Sony began trying to persuade consumers that its brand offered the best quality for their money

Persuasive Advertising

Some persuasive advertising has become comparative advertising A company directly or indirectly compares its brands with one or more other brands Pizza Huts long-running rivalry with Dominos Avis vs. market leading Hertz Such ads invite competitor responses, resulting in an advertising war that neither competitor can win

Reminder Advertising

Important for mature products it helps to maintain customer relationships and keep consumers thinking about the product Expensive Coca-Cola television ads primarily build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship rather than inform or persuade customers to buy in the short run

Often depends on its stage in the product life cycle -- new products typically need large advertising budgets Market share building the market or taking market share from competitors requires larger advertising spending than does simply maintaining current share Brands in a market with many competitors and high ad clutter must be advertised more heavily to be noticed Undifferentiated brands may require heavy advertising to set them apart Large consumer packaged-goods firms tend to spend too much on advertising and B2B marketers generally underspend on ad Business advertisers tend to rely too heavily on their sales forces to bring in orders

Some factors that should be considered when setting the advertising budget

Developing Advertising Strategy

Consists of two major elements: creating ad message and selecting ad media In the past, companies often viewed media planning as secondary to the message-creation process The creative dept. first created good ads, and then the media dept. selected and purchased the best media Today, soaring media costs, more-focused target marketing strategies, and the blizzard of new media have promoted the importance of the media-planning function Increasingly marketers are using extensive word-ofmouth

Creating the Advertising Message

Breaking through the Clutter

Consumers are exposed to as many as 3,000 to 5,000 commercial messages every day $381,000 to make a single 30-second commercial, $250,000 or more to show it each time!! Ad clutters 63% Americans say too many ads, 47% say ads spoil their TV viewing enjoyment Too many options for todays viewers Consumers zap (fast-forwarding) commercials, or zip around the channels to see what else is on 40% of all TV viewers switch channels when the commercial break starts Madison and Vine strategy

Message Strategy

Plan a message strategy decide what general message will be communicated to consumers People will react only if they believe that they will benefit from doing so Identify customer benefits that can be used as advertising appeals Creative concept: the compelling big idea that will bring the advertising message strategy to life in a distinctive and memorable way A copy writer and art director will team up Creative concept will guide the choice of specific appeals to be used in an ad campaign

Message Strategy

3 characteristics of advertising appeals:

Should be meaningful pointing out benefits that make the product more desirable or interesting to consumers Must be believable customers must believe that the product or service will deliver the promised benefits Should be distinctive should tell how the product is better than the competing brands

Titan promotes its watches as fashion accessories Rolex stresses luxury

Message Execution

Turn the big idea into an actual ad execution The creative team must find the best approach, style, tone, words, and format for executing the message

Different Execution Styles

Slice of life: shows one or more typical people using the product in a normal setting Lifestyle: how a product fits in with a particular lifestyle Fantasy: creates a fantasy around the product or its use Mood or image: builds a mood or image around the product or service, such as beauty, love, or serenity. Few claims are made about the product except through suggestion. Musical: shows people or cartoon characters singing about the products. Listeners usually keep humming the tune several hours after theyve seen the ad.

Different Execution Styles

Personality symbol: creates a character that represents the product. The character might be animated or real. Technical expertise: shows the companys expertise in making the product. SAP talks about its comprehensive and affordable business-solutions framework to enhance productivity, cut costs, and help its clients grow Scientific evidence: presents survey or scientific evidence that the brand is better or better liked than one or more other brands. Colgate better at fighting cavities. Testimonial evidence or endorsement: features a highly believable or likable source endorsing the product. It could be ordinary people as well as celebrities presenting/talking about the product

Different Execution Styles

The advertiser must choose a tone for the ad P&G always uses a positive tone its ads say something very positive about its products Some advertisers use humor to break through the commercial clutter Tagline, illustration, headline, copy

Selecting Advertising Media

Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact Choosing among major media types Selecting specific media vehicles Deciding on media timing

Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact

Reach is the measure of the % of people in the target

market who are exposed to the ad campaign during a given period of time Frequency is a measure of how many times the average person in the target market is exposed to the message Desired media impact the qualitative value of a message exposure through a given medium Engaging consumers is more important than just moving forward based on TRP ratings

Choosing among major media types

Media planners need to choose media that will effectively and efficiently present the advertising message to target customers They must consider each mediums impact, message effectiveness, and cost Narrow programming formats that target select groups Ads in alternative media wherever you go, whatever you do media multitaskers The content in one medium influencing concurrent behavior in another

Selecting specific media vehicles

Media vehicles specific media within each general media type Cost per thousand persons reached by a vehicle Consider the cost of producing ads The planner must balance media costs against several media effectiveness factors Evaluate the media vehicles audience quality (exposure value) Consider audience engagement (Femina vs. Newsweek) Assess the vehicles editorial quality ( believable and prestigious)

Deciding on media timing

Follow the seasonal pattern, oppose the seasonal pattern, or be the same all year Most firms do some seasonal advertising Retailers just before or during festivals Hallmark only before major holidays Pattern of the ads Continuity: scheduling ads evenly within a given period Pulsing: scheduling ads unevenly over a given time period. Advertise heavily for a short period to build awareness that over to the next advertising period. 52 ads can either be scheduled at 1 per week during the year, or pulsed in several bursts Pulsing same impact as a steady schedule but at a much lower cost Pulsing sacrifices depth of advertising communications

Evaluating advertising and ROI

How do we know that were spending the right amount on advertising? What return are we getting on our advertising investment? Evaluate the communication effects and the sales and profit effects Pre- and post-evaluations of communication effects Sales and profit effects are often much harder to measure Compare past sales and profits with past ad expenditures Experiments varying the amount a company spends on advertising

Public Relations

Building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, and events Companies use PR to build good relations with consumers, investors, the media, and their communities

Public Relations

Press relations or press agency: creating and placing newsworthy information in the news media to attract attention to a person, product, or service Product publicity: publicizing specific products Lobbying: building and maintaining relations with legislators and govt. officials to influence legislation and regulation Investor relations: maintaining relationships with shareholders and others in the financial community Development: public relations with donors or members of nonprofit organizations to gain financial or volunteer support

The role and impact of PR

Strong impact on public awareness at a much lower cost than advertising The company does not pay for the space or time in the media If the company develops an interesting story or event, it could be picked up by media More credibility than advertising PR can be a powerful brand-building tool

The role and impact of PR

Limited and scattered use of PR is a problem PR programs to support product marketing objectives may often be ignored Marketing managers and PR practitioners do not always speak the same language Advertising and PR should work hand in hand within an integrated marketing communications program

Major PR tools

News create favorable news (natural or suggest events

or activities)

Special events news conferences, press tours, grand

openings, educational programs Audiovisual materials online videos Corporate identity materials stationary, brochures, signs, uniforms, business cards, company cars and trucks (attractive, distinctive, and memorable) Public service activities contributing money and time (public goodwill)