EE 802-Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Amir A. Khan Office : A-218, SEECS 9085-2162; amir.ali@seecs.edu.pk

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Lecture Outline
Sampling of Bandpass signals
(taken from Understanding DSP by Lyons)

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Bandpass Signals vs Low-pass Signals

Bandpass signal : Centered at some frequency other than origin (recall modulated signals) Nyquist criteria for bandlimited (low-pass signals) requires sampling at least at twice the highest frequency Highest frequency may be too high for bandpass signals Bandpass sampling thus samples at a lower rate, dependent more so on the bandwidth than the highest frequency What do we buy with a lower sampling rate?
Reduced speed requirement on A/D converters
Reduction of memory requirement for sample storage You just cannot sample band pass signals at any arbitrary high rate of your own liking
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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Bandpass Sampling-See for yourself

Bandpass signal centered at fc=20 MHz bandwidth of B=5 MHz Nyquist Sampling Rate 45 MHz (2 x 22.5 MHz) Consider sampling at sub-Nyquist rate (e.g. fs = 17.5 MHz)

Replicas of original spectrum appear every 17.5 MHz from original location
Is this sampling OK ? Indeed as we have no aliasing and can thus recover our original signal Inherent frequency translation associated with sampling is playing to our advantage OK, can we sample at a still lower rate ? 4 Yes, but how low?
Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

General Condition for Sampling Rate (Bandpass signals)

Consider a bandpass signal spectrum

Choose fs so that two side bands align together at origin without overlapping
fs = fc B/2

?
m=6

What should be fs to fit m SSBs* in the space 2fc B?

fs = fc B/2 resulted in 2 SSBs*

mfs = (2fc B) will result in m replicas

fs

2 f c B
m
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EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

SSB* : single side band also called replica

Lectures 18

General Condition for Sampling Rate (Bandpass signals)

Choice of m As long as fs is not less than 2B What is the influence of increasing fs beyond above range? P band shifts right from origin Q band shifts left from origin Aliasing will occur

fs

2 f c B
m

What is the influence of reducing fs to fs below above range? P band (and associated replicas) shift left Q band (and associated replicas) shift right Till we have the situation where P overlaps with original spectrum

''

2 f c B
m 1

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Lectures 18

Conditions for Bandpass Sampling-Example

2 f c B
m 1

fs

2 f c B
m

where m is an integer so that f s 2 B

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Example : m = 1

2 f c B
m 1

fs

2 f c B
m

Baseband available in this case

Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP

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Example : m = 2

2 f c B
m 1

fs

2 f c B
m

Baseband available in this case

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Example : m = 3 and m = 5

2 f c B
m 1

fs

2 f c B
m

Baseband available in this case

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Summary of Example and Possible Choices

Optimum sampling rate to be chosen according to the availability of baseband in the sampled spectrum So which one to choose b/w the 3 optimum sampling rates possible? Depends on the actual application and hardware availability Digital telephony for example requires sampling rates in multiples of 8 KHz Certain hardware may perform better at higher frequencies
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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Graphical View Bandpass Sampling

2 f c B
m 1
Normalized sampling rates as function of R allow quick selection of sampling frequencies Shaded regions represent forbidden zones where sampling frequency cannot be chosen

fs

2 f c B
m

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Graphical View -Example

2 f c B
m 1
R

fs

2 f c B
m

20 5 / 2 4.5
5

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Avoiding Boundaries for Sampling Rates

Practically avoid sample rates on boundaries due to Non-ideal analog bandpass filters

Sample rate clock generator instabilities and

Slight imperfections in available A/D converters Keep a guard band to cater for non-ideal filters

Another intermediate sampling frequency choice possible

where modd is an odd integer s.t. fs > 2B

Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP

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Optimum sampling rates

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST

Reading Sections
Understanding DSP (Lyons)
Chapter 2 : Periodic Sampling Sections: 2.3 (covered in lecture) 2.4 (for your interest)

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Lectures 18 EE-802 ADSP SEECS-NUST