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Introduction
The
worst of all natural disasters, earthquake have become more pronounced and have claimed a large number of lives from the start of the history. This is a subject of growing concern among civil engineers and architects. This is important because it is not the earthquake that kills the people but it is the buildings they live in. This paper involves the various techniques that can be adapted to make the buildings more resistant to the earthquakes.
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History Method or by the Response Spectrum Method Time history method of analysis is performed using accepted principles of dynamics based on the appropriate ground motion. Response spectrum method of analysis is performed using a site-specific design spectrum value
Short Column
During past earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings that have columns of different heights within one storey, suffered more damage in the shorter columns as compared to taller columns in the same storey. Poor behavior of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall column and a short column of same crosssection move horizontally by same amount. Stiffness of a column means resistance to deformation the larger is the stiffness, larger is the force required to deform it. This behavior is called into the columns vertically above. Short Column Effect. As per Indian Standard the reinforcement must extend beyond the short column
Control over mass and stiffness, Continuity in load transfer Regularity of the system Redundancy of the structural element Damping of the building
Horizontal Diaphragms
These are horizontal resistance elements, generally floors and roofs that transfer the lateral forces between the vertical resistance elements (shear walls or frames).
Shear Wall:
Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground In a simple building with shear walls at each end, ground motion enters the building and creates inertial forces that move the floor diaphragms. This movement is resisted by the shear walls and the forces are transmitted back down to the foundation.
Plot Placing
Epoxy Injection
Hidden Beams
Beams which have their depth equal to that of the slab These beams are designed for negative bending moment caused due to load reversal during earthquake When provided along longer span, load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an economical increase of just 0.4 0.5%
2. Viscous Dampers:
They consist of a closed cylinder containing a viscous fluid and a piston having small holes in its head. As the piston move in and out of the cylinder oil is forced in and out causing friction
3. Friction Dampers:
The damper is made up from a set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them, and they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other creating friction causing energy dissipation
4. Cross Bracings
In this the entire building will be laid in a cross horizontal bracing rather than placing it directly on foundation. It will distribute the load to joints and through foundation finally.
REFERENCES
Disaster Management S L Goel Design of reinforced concrete elements P C Varghese Abrahamson, N. and Silva, W. (2008), Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground--motion relations, Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), pp. 67-97. 2. ADB-WB. (2005), Pakistan 2005 earthquake: Preliminary damage and needs assessment, Technical Document, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3. Ahmad, N. (2011), Seismic risk assessment and loss estimation of building stock of Pakistan, PhD Thesis, ROSE School-IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 4. Ahmad, N., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. and Ali, Q. (2010), Displacement-based earthquake loss assessment of masonry buildings in Mansehra city, Pakistan, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 14(S1), pp. 1-37. 5. Ahmad, N., Ali, Q., Ashraf, M., Naeem, K. and Alam, B. (2011), Seismic structural design codes evolution in Pakistan and critical investigation of masonry structures for seismic design recommendations, International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development, 1(1), pp.
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