Unit Structure - I

1.1 Science and technology policy systems 1.2 Policy Objectives 1.3 Leveraging Knowledge 1.4 Learning Organisation 1.5 Dual-use technology 1.6 Road Map to Technical Planning

Unit Structure - II
2.1 Total Flexibility Management 2.2 Change Management 2.3 Choice of Technology 2.4 Technology Sourcing 2.5 Managing uncertainty (risk management) 2.6 Complexity Management 2.7 What is Chaos and Complexity? 2.8 R & D Productivity 2.9 Business appraisal of technology potentials 2.10 Design Management 2.11 Innovation Management

Learning Objectives

How to bring about flexibility in Management ? Role of Management in Change Choice of Technology in SSEs What is Technology Sourcing? Meaning of complexity, chaos and Uncertianty.

Introduction

The need for flexibility in Management, opting for multiple technology choices and technology sourcing has been long felt. An overview of such topics have been dealt in this unit. Issues relating to managing complexity and chaos have also been discussed.

Total flexibility management

Total flexibility management is a managerial approach for developing flexible resources. An extensive variety of management tools and approaches are available to achieve business success in today's competitive global environment. Management approaches such as just-intime manufacturing (JIT), employee involvement, activity-based management, time-based competition and total quality management (TQM) all attempt to meet the needs of the customer --cheaper, faster and better.

Emergence of Flexibility

Flexibility is recognized as a complex, multi-dimensional and polymorphous concept, which means different things to different people and is highly context specific. Several attempts are being made in literature to comprehend this complex concept and capture its essence with the help of unified frameworks, taxonomy, models and measures.

Change Management

The change management process in systems engineering is the process of requesting, determining attainability, planning, implementing and evaluation of changes to a system.

Change Management - contd

Change Management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. The current definition of Change Management includes both organizational change management processes and individual change management models, which together are used to manage the people side of change.

ADKAR Model

Awareness of why the change is needed Desire to support and participate in the change Knowledge of how to change Ability to implement new skills and behaviors Reinforcement to sustain the change

Choice of technology

Technology choice has important implications for growth and productivity in industry. The use of technology is always tied to an objective. Because various types of technologies can be used to achieve an organization's objectives, the issue of choice arises. The concept of technology choice assumes access to information on alternative technologies and the ability to evaluate these effectively.

Small enterprises

The heterogeneity of the SSE sector complicates the problem defining it. The concept is defined in different ways, depending on the purpose of classifying firms as micro, small, medium sized, or large. Technologically, the sector is said to use low-level inputs and skills, to have much greater labour intensity, to produce lower priced products, and to operate on a small scale.

Factors influencing the choice of technology by SSEs

Entrepreneurs decide at the enterprise level which technologies to use. The main factors influencing their choice of technology include the objectives of the firm, the resources available, the nature of the market, and their knowledge of available technologies.

Technology Sourcing

Undertaking make-or-buy decisions requires an analysis of in-house and outside manufacturing technologies and capabilities. Therefore, companies should be able to understand and identify the way the technology portfolio should be built in order to balance in-house and outsourced technologies.

Managing uncertainty (risk management)

Managing change particularly in the context of Extended Services often requires school change teams to rely on other things falling into place and other people playing their part. In these situations, that is, when the outcome is not entirely under your control, you are faced with uncertainty and the risks that arise.

Complexity Management

A content management system (CMS) requires contributions from many different skill sets and coordination across diverse departments and roles. A CMS project can cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars and require months or years to design and implement.

What is Chaos ?

The first concept comes from Chaos, which is defined as "the irregular, unpredictable behavior of deterministic, non-linear dynamical systems." Chaos is fast replacing bureaucracy as the new science of organizations.

What is Complexity?

The second concept comes from Complexity Theory, which states that "critically interacting components self-organize to form potentially evolving structures exhibiting a hierarchy of emergent system properties."

What are Complex Adaptive Systems?

Complex Adaptive System is defined as "a system of individual agents, who have the freedom to act in ways that are not always totally predictable, and whose actions are interconnected such that one agents actions changes the context for other agents."

Design Management

Design management refers to an approach whereby organizations make design-relevant decisions in a market and customer-oriented way as well as optimizing design-relevant (enterprise)processes. It is a long-continuous comprehensive activity on all levels of business performance. Design management acts in the interface of management and design and functions as link between the platforms of technology, design, design thinking, management and marketing at internal and external interfaces of the enterprise.

A Taxonomy of Innovations
Three dimensions: discontinuous and incremental product, process and conceptual replacement and enhancement.

Questions
What is the effect of flexibility in management on prdductivity? Is there a relationship between need for sourcing technology and the choice of technology? Explain. Elucidate on the menas of increase productivity in research and design. Perform a business appraisal of an emerging technology of your choice. Define innovation. How does in help in survival of a business. Explain.

Unit Structure III

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Global Competitiveness Technology Planning Technology strategy Technology Alliances Joint Ventures Technology Bridging Corporate Venturing Road Mapping Technology

Learning Objectives

Variables in global competitiveness Basic Principles of Technology Planning Consensus building and buy-in Typical structure of a (IT) technology strategy When are joint ventures used? Common uses of corporate venturing

Introduction

This unit is meant to throw a bit of light on technology planning, strategy and alliances. The objectives and advantages of joint ventures are also discussed. Three cases on technology bridging have been illustrated. A brief discussion on corporate venturing is documented.

Global Competitiveness

The Global Competitiveness Report is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum. The first report was released in 1979. The 2007-2008 report covers 131 major and emerging economies. The report "assesses the ability of countries to provide high levels of prosperity to their citizens. This in turn depends on how productively a country uses available resources.

Global competitiveness - Contd

The variables are organized into nine pillars, with each pillar representing an area considered as an important determinant of competitiveness.

Pillars of global competitiveness

In the factor-driven stage countries compete based on their factor endowments, primarily unskilled labor and natural resources. Companies compete on the basis of prices and sell basic products or commodities, with their low productivity reflected in low wages. To maintain competitiveness at this stage of development, competitiveness hinges mainly on wellfunctioning public and private institutions (pillar 1), appropriate infrastructure (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic framework (pillar 3), and good health and primary education (pillar 4).

Pillars of global competitiveness Contd

As wages rise with advancing development, countries move into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when they must begin to develop more efficient production processes and increase product quality. At this point, competitiveness becomes increasingly driven by higher education and training (pillar 5), efficient markets (pillar 6), and the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies (pillar 7).

Pillars of global competitiveness Contd

As countries move into the innovationdriven stage, they are only able to sustain higher wages and the associated standard of living if their businesses are able to compete with new and unique products. At this stage, companies must compete by producing new and different goods using the most sophisticated production processes (pillar 8) and through innovation (pillar 9).

Technology Planning

A technology plan serves as a bridge between established standards and classroom practice. It articulates, organizes, and integrates the content and processes of education in a particular discipline with integration of appropriate technologies. It facilitates multiple levels of policy and curriculum decision making, especially in school districts, schools, and educational organizations that allow for supportive resource allocations

Basic Principles of Technology Planning

Be an organized and continuous process, use a simple straightforward planning model, and result in a document that improves how technology is used for instruction, management, assessment, and communications. Take into account the mission and philosophy of the organization and be "owned" by that organization, its administrators, and instructors. (While outside assistance, such as that provided by a consultant, can bring a broad perspective and knowledgeable opinions to the technology planning process, the process must have the commitment of decision makers and staff.)

Basic Principles of Technology Planning

Be broad but realistic in scope, with economical and technically feasible solutions. Involve all the stakeholders--including administrators, instructors, staff members, students, parents, community leaders, and technology experts--with experience in education. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and how each will impact the implementation of technology. Formalize the procedures and methods for making technology decisions, including the setting of priorities and the purchase, evaluation, upgrading, and use of technology.

Technology strategy

A Technology strategy (as in Information technology) is a planning document that explains how information technology should be utilized as part of an organization's overall business strategy.

Typical structure of a (IT) technology strategy

Executive Summary - single page summary of the IT strategy

High level organizational benefits Relationship to overall business strategy Resource summary

Internal Capabilities

Staffing Budgets Summary of key projects

IT Project Portfolio Management - An inventory of current projects being managed by the information technology department and their status. Note: It is not common to report current project status inside a futurelooking strategy document. Current IT departmental strengths and weaknesses

Typical structure of a (IT) technology strategy

External Forces
Summary of changes driven from outside the organization Rising expectations of users

Example: Availability of open-source learning management

systems

List of new IT projects requested by the organization

Opportunities
Description of new cost reduction or efficiency increase opportunities Description of how Moore's Law (faster processors, networks or storage at lower costs) will impact the organization's return on investment - ROI for technology

Typical structure of a (IT) technology strategy

Threats
Description of disruptive forces that could cause the organization to become less profitable or competitive Analysis IT usage by competition

IT Organization structure and Governance

IT organization roles and responsibilities IT role description IT Governance

Milestones
List of monthly, quarterly or mid-year milestones and review dates to indicate if the strategy is on track List milestone name, deliverables and metrics

Audience

A technology strategy document is usually designed to be read by nontechnical stakeholders involved in business planning within an organization. It should be free of technical jargon and information technology acronyms.

Joint Ventures

A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. The parties agree to create a new entity by both contributing equity, and they then share in the revenues, expenses, and control of the enterprise. The venture can be for one specific project only, or a continuing business relationship such as the Sony Ericsson joint venture.

When are joint ventures used?

Joint ventures are common in the oil and gas industry, and are often cooperations between a local and foreign company (about 3/4 are international). A joint venture is often seen as a very viable business alternative in this sector, as the companies can complement their skill sets while it offers the foreign company a geographic presence.

Corporate Venturing

Investment in a new or existing venture by another company. Usually corporate venturing is undertaken by large firms investing in start-ups or small, rapidly growing companies. Corporate venturing means that growing firms have access to more venture funding and are able to receive advice from the investing company.

Questions
What parameters are significant for being globally competitive? Elaborate on technology alliances Explain the objectives and methodology of joint ventures. Using an example of your choice explain corporate venturing. How can business be mapped to technology? Explain.

Unit Structure - IV
4.1 Globalisation of Industry 4.2 Managing Technology 4.3 Nanotechnology & Material Science 4. 4 Biotechnology 4.5 Biological engineering 4.6 Telecommunications

Learning Objectives

How to bring about flexibility in Management ? Role of Management in Change Choice of Technology in SSEs What is Technology Sourcing? Meaning of complexity, chaos and Uncertianty.

Globalisation of Industry

Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional things or phenomena into global ones. It can also be used to describe a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces.

Promotion of free trade:

Reduction or elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization for ocean shipping. Reduction or elimination of capital controls Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses

Restriction of free trade:

Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions. Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States)

Measuring globalization

Looking specifically at economic globalization, it can be measured in different ways. These center around the four main economic flows that characterize globalization: Goods and services, e.g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of population Labor/people, e.g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population Capital, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of population Technology, e.g. international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular inventions (especially 'factorneutral' technological advances such as the telephone, motorcar, broadband)

Managing Technology

Technology has changed the rules of business and provided more tools to capitalise on new opportunities. However, it has also brought a complexity that comes with managing computers, networks, websites and more.

How to Protect Your Computer

Use Password Protection Protecting files with passwords ensures that only authorised users can open a data file. Your operating system most likely has a built in password protection system and most software applications including Microsoft Office let you password-protect files and folders.

How to Protect Your Computer

Choose Creative Passwords Your spouse's, child's or dog's name should be off-limits as passwords. The reason: People in the office know them and could guess that they may be your password. The same rule applies to birthdates, street addresses, favourite bands or singers, and other terms or words that people are likely to associate with you. Also, keep in mind that it is harder to crack a password that is made up of a mixture of numbers and letters in upper and lower case, as well as one that is changed frequently. Facilitate use of passwords by providing instructions to everyone in your company on how to create them, when to change them, and how to protect files and folders.

How to Protect Your Computer

Use Encryption One way to protect the valuable information on your business PCs is to encrypt data. Encryption software turns data into a string of gibberish that you need the correct software key to decipher. Encryption software is commonly used to limit access to highly confidential files such as financial and customer lists, to safeguard laptop PCs that will be used outside of the office, and to protect top secret emails.

How to Protect Your Computer

Never Leave Data Unattended Something as simple as encouraging your staff to close files before leaving their desks can limit PC security risks. Without this precaution in place, a break for lunch can leave PC files open to anyone who passes by. Support PC security by imposing rules that require staff to close all documents while not in use.

How to Protect Your Computer

Limit Laptop Breaches The use of laptop PCs enhances productivity, but it also threatens the security of your business if proper precautions are not taken. Encourage all remote workers to keep security in mind outside of the office by using small fonts when working on confidential documents in public place. If your staff members use public technology resources, show them how to ensure that documents remain on their laptop hard drives, rather than on the resource's computers. Encryption can also protect laptop computers that are used outside of an office.

Video Conferencing

An interactive use of video, computing and communication technologies to allow people in two or more locations to meet either one-on-one or in groups of up to a dozen people or so without being physically together. Video can be streamed over the Internet or broadcast over television monitors.

Web Conferencing

Video conferencing without the video or, put another way, teleconferencing with the addition of the web for interactive presentations, using PowerPoint, Excel or other documents. Audio can be transmitted by telephone and/or PC microphones.

Teleconferencing

Teleconferencing services are offered by long-distance carriers or independent service bureaus using sophisticated call connection "bridges" to join many different phone calls into a single conversation.

Online Collaboration Tools

While email remains a key business tool, this discussion will focus on extranets private websites that allow you to share files, documents and use message boards with selected customers or partners.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is a highly diverse and multidisciplinary field, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

Nanomaterials

Interface and Colloid Science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as: Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Genetic testing

Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patients DNA sample for mutated sequences. There are two major types of gene tests. In the first type, a researcher may design short pieces of DNA (probes) whose sequences are complementary to the mutated sequences. These probes will seek their complement among the base pairs of an individuals genome. If the mutated sequence is present in the patients genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation. In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patients gene to disease in healthy individuals or their progeny.

Unit Structure - V
5.1 Business Process Reengineering 5.2 Quality Management 5.3 Collaborative Knowledge 5.4 Technology competitiveness in Developed Countries 5.5 Science and Technology in India 5.6 Technology Transfer 5.7 Collaborative Intelligence

Learning Objectives

History and methodology of BPR Quality management evolution Examples of collaborative knowledge The Importance of High-Technology Industries Share of World Markets Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries Exports by High-Technology Industries Foreign Markets Industry Comparisons Competition in the Home Market National Demand for High-Technology Products National Producers Supplying the Home Market Global Business in Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries Major Technology Areas New technological Frontiers in India

Introduction

In this unit a little light is thrown on exiting procedures such as BPR and TQM and how these procedures enable global competitiveness. Additionally, a little discussion on collaborative intelligence is also documented. Some technology compertitiveness of developed and developing countries are also discussed.

Business Process Reengineering

Business process reengineering (BPR) is a management approach aiming at improvements by means of elevating efficiency and effectiveness of the processes that exist within and across organizations. The key to BPR is for organizations to look at their business processes from a "clean slate" perspective and determine how they can best construct these processes to improve how they conduct business.

Quality Management

Quality management is a method for ensuring that all the activities necessary to design, develop and implement a product or service are effective and efficient with respect to the system and its performance. Quality management can be considered to have four main components: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement.

Quality improvement

In the following list are methods of quality management and techniques that incorporate and drive quality improvement. ISO 9004:2000 - Guidelines for performance improvement. ISO 15504-4: 2005 - Information technology -Process assessment -- Part 4: Guidance on use for process improvement and process capability determination. QFD - Quality Function Deployment, also known as the House of Quality approach. Kaizen - Japanese for change for the better; the common English usage is continual improvement.

Quality improvement - Contd

Zero Defect Program - created by NEC Corporation of Japan, based upon Statistical Process Control and one of the inputs for the inventors of Six Sigma. Six Sigma - Six Sigma is based upon Statistical Process Control. PDCA - Plan Do Check Act cycle for quality control purposes. Six Sigma's DMAIC method (Design, Measure,Analyze, Improve, Control) for more general improvement purposes. Quality circle - a group (people oriented) approach to improvement.

Quality improvement - Contd

Taguchi methods - statistical oriented methods including Quality robustness, Quality loss function and Target specifications. The Toyota Production System reworked in the west into Lean Manufacturing. Kansei Engineering, an approach that focuses on capturing customer emotional feedback about products to drive improvement. TQM - Total Quality Management is a management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes. First promoted in Japan with the Deming prize which was adopted and adapted in USA as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and in Europe as the European Foundation for Quality Management award (each with their own variations). TRIZ meaning "Theory of inventive problem solving"

Quality Standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the Quality Management System (QMS) standards in 1987. These were the ISO 9000:1987 series of standards comprising ISO 9001:1987, ISO 9002:1987 and ISO 9003:1987; which were applicable in different types of industries, based on the type of activity or process: designing, production or service delivery.

Quality management terms

Quality Improvement can be distinguished from Quality Control in that Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability of achieving an outcome. Quality Control is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process to maintain the reliability of achieving an outcome. Quality Assurance is the planned or systematic actions necessary to provide enough confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality.

Collaborative Knowledge

A Collaborative Innovation Network, or CoIN, is a social construct used to describe innovative teams. It has been defined by the originator of the term, Peter Gloor (a Research Scientist at MIT Sloan's Center for Collective Intelligence) as "a cyberteam of self-motivated people with a collective vision, enabled by the Web to collaborate in achieving a common goal by sharing ideas, information, and work."

Essentials of COIN

The five essential elements of collaborative innovation networks (what Gloor calls their "genetic code") are that they evolve from learning networks, feature sound ethical principles, are based on trust and self-organization, make knowledge accessible to everyone, and operate in internal honesty and transparency.

Technology competitiveness in Developed Countries

The global market for high-technology goods is growing at a faster rate than that for other manufactured goods, and hightechnology industries are driving economic growth around the world. During the 19year period examined (198098), hightechnology production grew at an inflation-adjusted average annual rate of nearly 6.0 percent compared with 2.7 percent for other manufactured goods.

Share of World Markets

Throughout the 1980s, the United States was the world's leading producer of hightechnology products, responsible for more than one-third of total world production from 1980 to 1987 and for about 30 percent from 1988 to 1995. U.S. world market share began to rise in 1996 and continued moving upward during the following two years. In 1998, the United States high-technology industry accounted for 36 percent of world high-technology production, a level last reached in the 1980s.

Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries

Of the 19-year period examined, Japan was the world's leading supplier of communications equipment, representing about onethird of total world output. Japan's production surpassed that of the United States in 1981 and held the top position for the next 14 years.

Ten Major Technology Areas

Biotechnologythe medical and industrial application of advanced genetic research to the creation of drugs, hormones, and other therapeutic items for both agricultural and human uses. Life science technologiesthe application of nonbiological scientific advances to medicine. For example, advances such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and novel chemistry, coupled with new drug manufacturing, have led to new products that help control or eradicate disease. Opto-electronicsthe development of electronics and electronic components that emit or detect light, including optical scanners, optical disk players, solar cells, photosensitive semiconductors, and laser printers.

Ten Major Technology Areas Contd

Information and communicationsthe development of products that process increasing amounts of information in shorter periods of time, including fax machines, telephone switching apparatus, radar apparatus, communications satellites, central processing units, and peripheral units such as disk drives, control units, modems, and computer software. Electronicsthe development of electronic components (other than opto-electronic components), including integrated circuits, multilayer printed circuit boards, and surface-mounted components, such as capacitors and resistors, that result in improved performance and capacity and, in many cases, reduced size. Flexible manufacturingthe development of products for industrial automation, including robots, numerically controlled machine tools, and automated guided vehicles, that permit greater flexibility in the manufacturing process and reduce human intervention.

Ten Major Technology Areas

Advanced materialsthe development of materials, including semiconductor materials, optical fiber cable, and videodisks, that enhance the application of other advanced technologies. Aerospacethe development of aircraft technologies, such as most new military and civil airplanes, helicopters, spacecraft (with the exception of communication satellites), turbojet aircraft engines, flight simulators, and automatic pilots. Weaponsthe development of technologies with military applications, including guided missiles, bombs, torpedoes, mines, missile and rocket launchers, and some firearms. Nuclear technologythe development of nuclear production apparatus, including nuclear reactors and parts, isotopic separation equipment, and fuel cartridges (nuclear medical apparatus is included in life sciences rather than this category).

Technology Transfer

Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among industries, universities, governments and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services.

Collaborative Intelligence

Collaborative intelligence is a measure of the collaborative ability of a group or entity. According to Stephen James Joyce author of Teaching an Anthill to Fetch Developing Collaborative Intelligence @ Work, "collaborative intelligence (CQ) is the ability to create, contribute to and harness the power within networks of people and relationships".

Learning Objectives
To know about The principles of a Knowledge Leveraging Community Infrastructure Supporting Technologies Why should you be a Learning Organisation ? How to create a Learning Organisation Facets of World Class Organisation How to build a world class organisation

Introduction

In this knowledge management era with ever changing technology and emerging technologies it is mandatory to keep in tune with the change and changing policies. Be alert to leverage knowledge and know how world class organizations have succeeded. This unit provides insight into such issues.

Science and technology policy systems

Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and to global trade and technology control regimes.

Leveraging Knowledge

Knowledge-leveraging practices and communities engage the fullness of our human ability to learn, create, change. Thus, e-Knowledge adds value to knowledge-leveraging initiatives primarily by participating as co-learner and empathic provocateur in the journey of optimizing organizational performance.

Knowledge Leveraging Community Infrastructure

Community implies a common interest and it is the pursuit of this common interest that the knowledge-leveraging infrastructure must support. Whether the common interest is to deal with a situation, avoid something, maintain something, or accomplish something, the common interest serves as the basis for the purpose and vision of the community.

Interaction Principles

Learning Organisation
A Learning Organisation is one in which people at all levels, individuals and collectively, are continually increasing their capacity to produce results they really care about

Steps in Creating a Learning Organisation

Awareness Environment Leadership Empowerment Learning

The Golden Rules to learn

Thrive on Change Encourage Experimentation Communicate Success and Failure Facilitate Learning from the Surrounding Environment Facilitate Learning from Employees Reward Learning A Proper Selfishness A Sense of Caring

Learning Cycle

Five essential disciplines

Team Learning Shared Visions Mental Models Personal Mastery Systems Thinking

Attitudes for a world-class culture

Be Knowledgeable Share Network Collaborate Improve Products Be Flexible Be Innovative Change Your Orientation Keep the Proper Balance

Internal Benchmarking

Internal Benchmarking is the process of identifying the "Best Practices" developed within an organization and creating a business case for their implementation.

Transferring Skill and Knowledge

Transferring Skill and Knowledge means the process of identifying, demonstrating, and transferring a successfully demonstrated process or practice to other units.

Dual-use technology

Dual-use is a term often used in politics and diplomacy to refer to technology which can be used for both peaceful and military aims. It usually refers to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, but that of bioweapons is a growing concern.

Overview of the Roadmapping process

Summary

This unit gave some insight into the policies of technology management systems, methods to build and maintian a learinging and a world class organisation and the dual use technology alogwith a road map to technical planning.

Have you understood?

Are policies a boon or a bane to technology management? Why and how can knowledge be leveraged? Elaborate on the steps in creating a learing organisation. How can you differentiate a world class organisation from a medoicare organisation? Prepare a road map towards techinal planning for a project of your choice.

References
Gerard H. Gaynor, 1996, Handbook of Technology Management McGraw Hill. Tarek M. Khalil, 2000, Management of Technology McGraw Hill