UNIT 1

THREE PHASE SYSTEM

By: INTAN SHAFINAZ BINTI ABD. RAZAK

Introduction

What is alternating current???

What is single phase system??? What is three phase system???

Single-phase electric power

In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison.
Single-phase meaning (2) power lines as an input source; therefore, only (1) primary and (1)secondary winding is required to accomplish the voltage transformation.
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A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase distribution system either by connection between a phase and neutral .
For example, in places using a 415 volt 3 phase system, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 240 volts, allowing lighting to be connected phase-to-ground and motors to be connected to all three phases.
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THREE PHASE AND SINGLE PHASE POWER SYSTEM

R Y B

3 phase delta system 3 phase wye system

Single phase (R)

Single phase (Y)

Single phase (B)

THREE PHASE AND SINGLE PHASE POWER SYSTEM

RED LINES
IR IY IB

YELLOW
BLUE

NEUTRAL

BLACK

PROTECTING GEAR

3-Phase 415V, 3-Wires (For Motor and small industrial consular)

Three separate single-phase 240V supplies (For lighting, heating and domestic consumer)

Single- phase 415V supply

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Polyphase system

Polyphase system is the system use more than one coil to generate the current. Example: Three phase system

HOW TO GENERATE THREE PHASE CURRENT???

Rotating magnetic field , static winding coil. (Medan magnet berputar, gegelung kekal.)
Rotating winding coil, static magnetic field (Gegelung berputar, medan magnet kekal.)
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Three phase motor

The rotating magnetic field of a three-phase motor The winding coil is static

THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

(THREE PHASE VOLTAGE)

If three separate coils are spaced 120 apart, three voltages 120 out of phase with each other will be produced when magnetic field through the coils. This manner in which a three-phase voltage is produced.

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THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

(THREE PHASE VOLTAGE)

Result of three-phase voltage cycle as shown below:

Three phase voltage cycle

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The waveform

Three-phase networks consist of three simple networks, each having the same amplitude and frequency, and a 120 phase difference between adjacent networks

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The phasors diagram

We can also represent these voltages with phasors diagram.

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Three phase system

Most power is distributed in the form of three-phase A.C. Three-phase, abbreviated 3, refers to three voltages or currents that that differ by a third of a cycle, or 120 electrical degrees, from each other.

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Recap

Basically, the power company generators produce electricity by rotating (3) coils or windings through a magnetic field within the generator .
Three-Phase transformers must have (3) coils or windings connected in the proper sequence in order to match the incoming power and therefore transform the power company voltage to the level of voltage we need and maintain the proper phasing or polarity. These coils or windings are spaced 120 degrees apart. As they rotate through the magnetic field they generate power which is then

sent out on three ( ) lines as in three-phase power.

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Recap

One voltage cycle of a three-phase system, labelled 0 to 360 (2 radians) along the time axis. The plotted line represents the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) with respect to time.
Em

eY = Em sin wt
eR= Em sin (wt-1200) eB = Em sin (wt-2400)

1200

2400

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Introduction to delta and wye three phase system

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THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

(THREE PHASE CONNECTION)

To reduce the number of wires it is usual to interconnect the three phases. Two ways solution: Star/Wye connection : applied on sources of three phase supplies (alternators).

Higher voltage but lower current (amps)

Delta connection : applied on motors and other loads.

Lower voltage but mores current (amps).

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Introduction to delta and wye three phase system

When you connect a load to the three wires/ lines it should be done in such a way that it does not destroy the symmetry.
This means that you need three equal loads connected across the three pairs of wires.
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Delta and Wye Connections

This looks like an equilateral triangle, or delta, and is called a delta load. Another symmetrical connection would result if you connected one side of each load together, and then the three other ends to the three wires. This looks like a Y, and is called a wye load.
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Delta and Wye Connections cont

In a three-phase transformer, there is a threelegged iron core. Each leg has a respective primary and secondary
winding. As can be seen, the three-phase transformer actually has 6 windings (or coils) 3 primary and 3 secondary. These 6 windings will be pre-connected at the factory in one of two configurations: - Delta and Wye
Connections/ Configurations.
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Delta Connection

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Wye Connection

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The key to understanding three-phase is to understand the

phasor diagram for the voltages or currents.

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The Wye or Y-connection

The Wye or Y-connection, where the negative terminals of each generator or load are connected to form the neutral terminal. This results in a three-wire system, or if a neutral wire is provided, a four-wire system
Ip3

.
IL3

IN
Ip2
Ip1 IL1

IL2
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Phase & Line Voltage & Current

The Vp1,Vp2,Vp3 voltages of the generators are called phase voltages. The voltages VL1,VL2,VL3 between any two connecting lines (but excluding the neutral wire) are called line voltages. The Ip1,Ip2,Ip3 currents of the generators are called phase currents. The currents IL1,IL2,IL3 in the connecting lines (excluding the neutral wire) are called line currents.
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Phase & Line in Y-connection

In Y-connection, the phase and line currents are obviously the same, but the line voltages are greater than the phase voltages. In the balanced case:

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Balanced Three Phase Voltages

If the voltage source have the same amplitude and frequency and are out of phase with each other by 120o, the voltage are said to be balanced.

Van Vbn Vcn 0

Van Vbn Vcn

Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and out of phase with each other by 120o

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4-wire Y & 3-wire Y

Three-phase, four-wire Y connection uses a "common" fourth wire.

Three-phase, three-wire Y connection does not use the neutral wire.

In a Y-connected system, there may or may not be a neutral wire attached at the junction point in the middle, although it certainly helps alleviate potential problems should one element of a three-phase load fail open.

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The delta or -connection

The delta or -connection of three phases is achieved by connecting the three loads in series forming a closed loop. This is only used for three-wire systems.

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Phase & Line in -connection

As opposed to a Y-connection, in connection the phase and line voltages are obviously the same, but the line currents are greater than the phase currents. In the balanced case:

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 versus Y
-connection
Y-connection

VL= VP IL=IP
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PROOF IT!!!

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PROOF IT!!!
POWER IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM (Y AND ) ARE THE SAME!!!

P 3 = 3 .VL . IL . cos

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SUMMARY
Symbol Voltage Current Steady state (Keadaan seimbang) Single phase power for each coil. Three phase power (phase element) Three phase power (line element)

VL = VPH IL = 3 IPH
V (closed loop) =VRY + VYB + VBR = 0

Y
VL = 3 VPH IL = IPH
IN = IR + IY +IB = 0

VPH . IPH . cos

3 .VPH . IPH . cos 3 .VL . IL . cos
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Example 1:

Tiga gelung yang mempunyai aruhan 50mH disambungkan secara bintang kepada bekalan 3 fasa 200V, 50 Hz. Cari nilai aruhan bagi ketiga-tiga gelung jika disambungkan secara delta dengan memberikan nilai arus dan voltan talian yang sama seperti dalam sambungan bintang.
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Example 2:

Di dalam satu sistem tiga fasa 4 dawai, voltan talian ialah 415V dan beban-beban resistif 10kW, 8kW dan 5kW disambungkan di antara ketigatiga pengalir talian dan pengalir neutral seperti dalam rajah berikut. Kirakan: Arus dalam setiap talian. Arus di dalam pengalir neutral
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Example 2:
R

VL=415V 10kW Y

B 5kW

8kW

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 versus Y

-connected three-phase voltage sources give greater reliability in the event of winding failure than Yconnected sources. However, Y-connected sources can deliver the same amount of power with less line current than connected sources.
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Kebaikan sistem tiga fasa berbanding sistem satu fasa

Penggunaan bekalan kuasa AU untuk tujuan pemanasan filamen lampu elektrik adalah memadai dengan menggunakan sistem kuasa satu fasa. Namun demikian, penggunaan sistem satu fasa untuk tujuan kendalian motor AU mempunyai kelemahannya. Salah satu kelemahan iaitu motor AU satu fasa tidak dapat dimulakan putaran dengan sendiri (self-starting), sebaliknya beza fasa antara gegelung tiga fasa membolehkan motor AU tiga fasa mempunyai ciri kendalian permulaan kendiri. Penjimatan bahan pengalir untuk kehilangan tembaga yang sama, apabila kuasa yang sama dipindahkan dalam sistem tiga fasa berbanding sistem satu fasa. Motor tiga fasa adalah kendalian permulaan kendiri tetapi tidak berlaku dalam motor satu fasa. Motor tiga fasa mempunyai faktor kuasa dan kecekapan yang lebih baik dan saiz yang lebih kecil, bagi keluaran yang sama berbanding motor satu fasa. Daya kilas yang dihasilkan oleh motor tiga fasa adalah tetap, sementara daya kilas motor aruhan satu fasa adalah berbentuk dedenyut.

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Alatubah tiga fasa adalah lebih ringan, berkecekapan lebih baik dan lebih murah berbanding alatubah satu fasa yang sama saiz. Dalam sistem pengagihan tiga fasa, dua bentuk sambungan biasanya dilakukan untuk menghasilkan nilai voltan yang berlainan daripada satu sumber bekalan yang sama, tanpa penambahan kos. Sambungan bintang menggunakan voltan fasa antara fasa-fasa dan neutral yang lebih rendah biasanya untuk kegunaan domestik; manakala sambungan delta menggunakan voltan yang lebih tinggi iaitu voltan talian (3 kali lebih besar) biasanya untuk kegunaan perindustrian.

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ASSIGNMENT #1

Penjimatan bahan pengalir untuk kehilangan tembaga yang sama, apabila kuasa yang sama dipindahkan dalam sistem tiga fasa berbanding sistem satu fasa.

What is copper loss (kehilangan tembaga)?

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copper loss

A power loss due to current flowing through wire. The lost power is converted into heat.

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Copper loss is the term often given to heat produced by electrical currents in the conductors of transformer windings, or other electrical devices. Copper losses are an undesirable transfer of energy, as are core losses, which result from induced currents in adjacent components. The term is applied regardless of whether the windings are made of copper or another conductor, such as aluminium. Hence the term winding loss is often preferred. A related term, load loss closely related but not identical, since an unloaded transformer will have some winding loss. Copper losses result from Joule heating and so are also referred to as "I squared R losses", in deference to Joule's First Law. This states that the energy lost each second, or power, increases as the square of the current through the windings and in proportion to the electrical resistance of the conductors.

Copper Loss = I2R

where I is the current flowing in the conductor and R the resistance of the conductor. With I in amperes and R in ohms, the calculated power loss is given in watts. With high-frequency currents, winding loss is affected by proximity effect and skin effect, and cannot be calculated as simply. For low-frequency applications, the power lost can be minimized by employing conductors with a large cross-sectional area, made from low-resistivity metals.

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Salah satu kelemahan iaitu motor AU satu fasa tidak dapat dimulakan putaran dengan sendiri (self-starting). Explain what is self-starting?

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Large industrial synchronous motors are self started by embedded squirrel cage conductors in the armature, acting like an induction motor. The electromagnetic armature is only energized after the rotor is brought up to near synchronous speed.
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Advantages of using 3

Three phase electricity powers large industrial loads more efficiently than single-phase electricity. When single-phase electricity is needed, It is available between any two phases of a three-phase system, or in some systems , between one of the phases and ground. By the use of three conductors a three-phase system can provide 173% more power than the two conductors of a single-phase system. Three-phase power allows heavy duty industrial equipment to operate more smoothly and efficiently. Three-phase power can be transmitted over long distances with smaller conductor size.

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Mini-quiz to check your understanding

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Why is it called alternating current?

a)

b)

c)

The current alternates in direction within the wire. The current alternates between on and off The current alternates between AC and DC

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What does an electrical transformer do?

a)

b)

c)

It changes the direction of AC electricity It changes the voltage of DC electricity It changes the voltage of AC electricity

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QUIZ!!!

What is the difference between AC and DC electricity? Why do we use AC instead of DC? How do we create AC electricity?

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