Collection of Data

Census
Dr S. G. Kulkarni

Sampling
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Essentials of Sampling

Representative ness (spokespersons) Adequacy (sufficient) Independence Homogeneity

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

Principles of sampling

Principle (code) of statistical regularity

Principle of Inertia (inactive) of large numbers

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

METHODS OF SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING

NON RANDOM SAMPLING

SIMPLE OR UNRESTRICTED SAMPLING

RESRTICTED SAMPLING

DELIBERATE (no purpose) CONVENIENCE QUOTA SELF SELECTED SNOWBALLING

STRATIFIED

SYSTEMATIC

CLUSTER

MULTI-STAGE

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

SAMPLING

Random sampling also referred to as probability sampling It does not mean haphazard or hit or miss method Every item has equal chance of being included

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

Random Sampling

Methods:

1) Lottery method 2) Tables of random numbers: a) Tippets random tables b) Fishers and Yates tables c) Kendall and Smith d) Rand Corporation 3) Software packages
Dr S. G. Kulkarni 6

Random Sampling

A- Simple or Unrestricted sampling Each and every item has equal and independent chance of being in the sample No personal bias No discretion or preference Replacement of sampling unit
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Simple or Unrestricted sampling

Each unit is returned to the population, before drawing the next sample Probability of every item is - 1 / N Otherwise, Population is reduced for successive stagesnext item will have probability of 1 / N-1, 1000- 0 =1000 next will be 1/N-2, 1000-1 =999 1000-2 =998 1000-3 =997 1 / N-3 1000-4 =996
1000-5 =995 1000-6 =994

When the slip is returned to the drum before drawing the next slip, the size of population is same
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B) Restricted Sampling

1) Stratified random sampling a) Proportionate stratified sampling b) Disproportionate stratified sampling 2) Systematic sampling 3) Multi-stage sampling 4) Cluster sampling
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Stratified random sampling

N is divided into groups according to homogeneity Adopted when there are heterogeneous features For example, to study the consumption pattern of Belgaum, the city is divided into a number of groups / wards Samples are taken from each ward
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Types of stratified sampling

Proportionate stratified random sampling: sample is in proportion to the size of sub-population Disproportionate stratified random sampling:

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

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2) Systematic sampling ( Equal interval sampling or Quasi random sampling or k )

Sample is formed by selecting one unit at random and then selecting additional units at evenly spaced intervals. Used when a complete list is available The list is prepared in alphabetical or numerical order and serially numbered
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Systematic sampling- continued

The first item is selected at random Then the remaining items are selected at k interval k is the sample interval, which is selected as follows: k = Size of Universe = N Size of Sample n

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

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Systematic sampling-continued

Also known as equal interval sampling or quasi random sampling as the subsequent units are pre-determined Merits: 1) Simple and convenient to adopt 2) More efficient than simple random 3) Time, cost and work- become smaller

Dr S. G. Kulkarni 14

Systematic sampling-continued

Demerits : 1) not truly a random method as there are pre determined intervals 2) Problem of representative ness as there may be a hidden periodicities ( every k th worker may be a well paid)

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Multi-stage sampling

Sampling is carried out at several stages Sample is taken from previous stage sample
Sample of one stage becomes population for next stage
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Multi-stage sampling

Merits :1) Flexibility 2) No bias 3) Cost and efforts are less as N becomes smaller in successive stages Demerits: 1)Less accurate 2) More work 3) Not representative as stratified
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Cluster sampling

Primarily selection of groups rather than individuals Population is divided into groups Groups are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive

Dr S. G. Kulkarni

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Cluster sampling - continued

Merits :1) Easier and Practical

Demerits : 1) Difficulty in clustering 2) Unequal

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Non random sampling

Purposive or Judgment sampling also known as Deliberate (no purpose) sampling It is a conscious selection by an investigator on his own judgment. It requires deep and thorough knowledge and experience. Interviewer requires awareness of the characteristics of the population. Samples vary from investigator to investigator
1)
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Purposive or Judgment sampling

Merits : 1) used in solving economic and business problems 2) No missing characteristics 3) Properties of population are known 4) Appropriate for pilot surveys 5) Motivation to the investigator
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Purposive or Judgment sampling

Demerits :1) not scientific 2) Personal prejudice (injustice) 3) Difficult to calculate sampling errors 4) Inclination or convenience , but not judgment 5) Comparison of work is difficult
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Convenience sampling also known as chunk

Chunk is a fraction of population which is selected neither by probability nor by judgment, but by convenience.
Samples are drawn from readily available lists such as automobiles registration, telephone directory, etc
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Convenience sampling

Convenience sample is not random, although samples are drawn at random from the lists.
Good for Pilot studies

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Quota sampling

It is a type of judgment sampling Quotas are set up on characteristics such as income group, age, political affiliation, religious affiliation ,etc The interviewer is asked to interview a certain number of persons in the quota. He is free to chose any person in the given quota.
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Quota sampling- continued

For example: In a T V survey, the interviewer is told to interview any 500 persons and out of every 100 following should be the composition: 20 - Students 10 Housewives 25 Office goers 15 Children 20 - Farmers 10 - Businessmen

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Self selected or presenting sampling

Sample is not selected by the investigator, but they themselves propose to be included in the sample
These persons have vital interest and can spare Ex: Questionnaire in newspaper
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Snowball sample

Researcher asks the respondent for names of other individuals who are also to be surveyed The difficulty is close friends or colleagues tend to behave in the same way

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STEPS IN SAMPLING PROCESS

DEFINE POPULATION

SPECIFY SAMPLING FRAME

SPECIFY SAMPLING METHOD

DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE

SPECIFY SAMPLE PLAN

SELECT SAMPLE & COLLECT INFORMATION

ANALYZE DATA & REPORT RESULTS

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Size of sample

No hard and fast rule Depends on subject, time, cost and accuracy Considerations 1) Size of population 2) Accuracy desired 3) Homogeneity / heterogeneity
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Size of sample-continued

4) Nature of study- intensive, continuous, technical, general 5) Practical considerations- time, finance, personnel 6) Type of sampling- stratified, etc 7) Size of questionnaire 8) Question on questionnaire
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Size of sample-continued

Sampling Errors

Sample Size

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Marketing conditions affecting sampling

Some characteristics of marketing population: a) Population is nether uniform nor concentrated b) Characteristics of people are not simple as there are so many factors c) Data on desired characteristics are nonexistent, or inaccurate d) Identity of specific population is difficult
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