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Main Scale
You will notice that one of the vernier scale divisions coincides with one of the main scale divisions.
Principle of Vernier
N divisions on the vernier scale is equal to (N-1) divisions on the main scale.
Principle of Vernier
Least
Count
indicates
the degree
of
Precision
of
Then 1 V.S.D = {(n-2)/n} M.S.D L.C = 1 M.S.D 1 V.S.D = 1mm {(n-2)/n} mm = 2/n if n =10 L.C = 2/10 = 0.2 mm i.e. when (n-1) divisions are changed to (n-2)divisions least count is increased from 0.1mm to 0.2mm i.e. the precision of the vernier callipers is decreased. so, if (n-3) M.S.D s are divided in to n equal divisions on vernier scale the L.C further increases and the precision further decreases.
Principle of Vernier
The reading on the main scale just before (LEFT) the zero of the vernier is noted. This is called Main scale reading (M.S.R).The number of division (n) on the vernier which coincides perfectly with any one of the main scale divisions is noted. This is called vernier coincidence (V.C).The vernier coincidence (V.C=n) is multiplied by least count to get the fraction of a main scale division. This is added to the main scale reading (M.S.R)
1 cm
Main Scale reading = 1.2 cm; vernier scale reading = 30.01 cm = 0.03 cm So, Reading = 1.2 + 0.03 = 1.23 cm
Another Example
Another Example
2.4cm
Another Example
Zero Error
When jaws of the vernier callipers are in contact, and if the zero division of main scale does not coincide with the zero mark on vernier scale, such vernier calipers will have zero error.
Types of Zero Error in vernier callipers i) Negative Zero error ii) Positive Zero error
No zero error.
Positive zero error: When the jaws of the vernier callipers are closed,
and if the zero mark on the auxiliary (vernier) scale lies to the right of the main scale zero-mark, then error is called Positive Zero error. So, the zero correction should be subtracted from the reading which is measured.
when the jaws are closed and if the reading is 0.10mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.10mm.
'actual reading = main scale + vernier scale - (zero error)' thus the actual reading is 19.00 + 0.54 - (0.10) = 19.44 mm
Negative zero error: When the jaws of the vernier callipers are in contact, and if the first mark on the auxiliary (vernier) scale lies to the left of zero of main scale such an error is called Negative Zero error. So, the zero correction should be added to the reading which is measured.
when the jaws are closed and if the reading is -0.08mm, the zero error is referred to as -0.08mm
'actual reading = main scale + vernier scale - (zero error)' thus the actual reading is 19.00 + 0.36 - (-0.08) = 19.44 mm