The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Department of Management Sciences

Presentation

Submitted to:Mr. Muhammad Arfan Lodhi Prepared by:Hafiz Muhammad Adnan Akhtar Class & Roll:-

B.B.A(Hons) M1

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m.adnan_akhtar@yahoo.com https://www.facebook.com/muhammadadnan.akhatr

Contents at a Glance
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2.
3. 4. 5.

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7. 8. 9.

Basic Introduction The Clause & Types Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses Noun Clauses More about Noun Clauses Exercise Answer keys References

04 05 06 07 08 09-12 13- 17 18 20

Basic Introduction

Letters:- English alphabets A, B, C,----,Y ,Z , are called letters. Morephene:- The smallest unit of English or smallest meaningful word. Words:- When two or more than two letters are joined, they become a word. e.g.

God, Lie, Live, etc.

Sentence:- A group of words which makes complete sense is called sentence. e.g.

Allah is great.

The Phrase:- A group of words giving a definite meaning but not the complete sense. It is a part of sentence and helps in making sentence. e.g.

Life is not a bed of roses.

The Clauses:- A group of words which requires another group of words to give a complete sense. e.g.

God helps those who help themselves.

The Clauses

Definitions :A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate. A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship. A group of words which forms part of sentence, and contains a Subject and Predicate. Types of Clauses:- There are two types of Clauses

Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses

Independent Clauses

Independent Clauses could stand by themselves as discrete sentences, except that when they do stand by themselves, separated from other clauses, they're normally referred to simply as sentences, not clauses. The ability to recognize a clause and to know when a clause is capable of acting as an independent unit is essential to correct writing and is especially helpful in avoiding sentence fragments and run-on sentences. e.g. I went o school. Too much time had elapsed.

Dependent Clauses

Dependent Clauses cannot stand by themselves and make good sense. They must be combined with an independent clause so. that they become part of a sentence that can stand by itself. Any cause beginning with subordinating word like what, that, who, which, when, since, before, after, or if is a dependent clause.

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause used as a noun, that is, as a subject, compliment, object of a preposition, or appositive. A noun clause usually introduced by that, what, why, whether, who, which or how. Noun clauses can do anything that nouns can do. Examples :

I expect that I shall get a prize. What you intend to do is interesting. The fact that he had not told the truth soon became apparent. I knew where I could find him.

More About Noun Clauses

Noun Clause is a Subordinate Clause which does the work of a Noun in a complex sentence. So it can be:

The Subject of a Verb. The Object of a Transitive Verb. The Object of a Preposition. In apposition to a Noun or Pronoun. The complement of a verb of incomplete predication.

In each of the following Complex sentence, the Noun Clause is the Subject of a verb:

That it would rain seemed likely. What he said was true. Why he left is a mystery. When I shall return is uncertain. That you should say so surprises me.

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More About Noun Clauses

In each of the following Complex sentence , the Noun Clause is the Object of a transitive verb :

He says that he wont go. I hoped that it was true. I cannot tell what has become of him. I do not know when I shall return. Tell me why you did this.

In each of the following Complex sentence , the Noun Clause is the Object of a preposition :

Pay careful attention to what I am going to say. There is no meaning in what you say. There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.

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More About Noun Clauses

In each of the following Complex sentence , the Noun Clause is in apposition to a Noun or Pronoun :

It was unfortunate that you were absent. You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy. Your statement that you found the money in the street will not be believed.

In each of the following Complex sentence , the Noun Clause is used as the complement of a verb of incomplete predication :

My belief is that he will not come. His great fear is that he may fail. My wish is that I may please you. Life is what we make it. This is where I live.

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More About Noun Clauses

A clause coming after a construction consisting of an intransitive verb and adjective does the work of a noun and is, therefore treated as noun clause. As given in below sentences.

The child was afraid that he would fall down. All of us are keen that you should succeed. They felt sorry that they lost the match. The patient was sure that he would recover.

Exercise

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1. I am not convinced __________ his research is conclusive. a) what b) the fact c) that d) whatever 2. You can choose ___________ dessert you like. a) whenever b) whoever c) whichever d) however 3. _____________ Ellen has been caught lying on several occasions suggests that she cannot be trusted. a) The fact which b) The fact that c) Which d) What 4. ____________ I'd like to talk about in this presentation is how to manage your time effectively. a) Whatever b) What c) That d) Whichever 5. It is important __________ anyone buying a used car to examine it thoroughly. a) that b) whomever c) for whom d) for

Exercise

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6. It's obvious __________ Kelsey loves her new house. a) what b) that c) that which d) which 7. Marvin can't decide ____________ to apply to Harvard or Princeton. a) whether b) which c) where d) whatever 8. Tell me __________ day is better for you - Saturday or Sunday? a) when b) that c) whether d) which 9. Do you know __________? a) what time is it c) that time is it

b) what time it is d) that time it is

10. The belief ________ people should marry for love is not universal. a) which b) for c) what d) that

Exercise

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11. You may invite __________ you'd like to the party. a) who b) whom c) whoever d) whomever 12. I have no idea __________ this bus goes to Los Angeles. a) where b) wherever c) whether d) which 13. Jim didn't know __________ he had to give you a copy of the report. a) that b) what c) the fact which d) whatever 14. ___________ you want to eat for dinner is fine with me. a) Whatever b) Whoever c) Whether d) How 15. Mr. Jones __________ he would call you tomorrow. a) said what b) said c) said the fact that

d) said the fact

Exercise

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16. This report __________ smoking is bad for your health.

a) suggests the fact

c) suggests what

b) suggests the fact that

d) suggests that

17. It is essential __________ all students register for classes by midnight tonight. a) that b) for whom c) which d) whom
18. It's uncertain _________ our neighbors will be able to sell their house. a) which b) where c) whether d) what 19. ___________ bothers Gail about her boyfriend is that he never calls her. a) That which b) Whatever c) That d) What

20. We can stop for lunch ___________ you feel hungry. a) what b) whether c) however d) whenever

Exercise

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21. ___________ Diana's grades have improved suggest that she's been studying harder. a) However b) Whatever
c) The fact that d) The fact which

22. Rose thought ___________ the report was due today. a) what b) whatever c) that d) when 23. It seems ____________ Steve's latest play is sure to be great success. a) the fact that b) what c) if d) that 24. The teacher said ____________ finished the test early can go home. a) whoever b) who c) whomever d) whom 25. I'll be home all afternoon; you can stop by ___________ it convenient. a) whenever b) however c) whether d) that

Answer Keys
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(c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c)

13.

(a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (a)

Resources

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High School English Grammar and Composition by P.C .WREN, M.A. H. MARTIN, M.A. N.D.V. PRASAD RAO,M.A. Correct Writing Six Edition by BWTLER HICKMAN M.C. ALEXANDER

Bright English by
Rasheed Ahmad Masood Internet resources About.com /Grammar & Composition http://www.charlottemattison.com/Worksheets/Reteaching%20Kin ds%20of%20Clauses%20P.70.pdf http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23

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Thank you