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TSHOOT v6 Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Chapter 4 Objectives
Diagnose VLAN, VTP, and trunking problems using the IOS command line interface. Diagnose spanning tree and EtherChannel problems using the IOS command line interface. Diagnose and resolve problems with SVIs and inter-VLAN routing. Diagnose and resolve problems related to first hop redundancy protocols such as HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Troubleshooting VLANs
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
DMAC BCAST
SMAC MAC A
Type 0x0806
FCS CRC
If Host A does not have an entry for Host B in its ARP cache, it will ARP for the Host B MAC address.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
DMAC BCAST
SMAC MAC A
Type 0x8100
802.1Q VLAN 10
Type 0x0806
FCS CRC
The intermediate switches flood the ARP request over the 802.1Q trunk links.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
DMAC MAC A
SMAC MAC B
Type 0x0806
FCS CRC
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
DMAC MAC A
SMAC MAC B
Type 0x8100
802.1Q VLAN 10
Type 0x0806
FCS CRC
DMAC MAC B
SMAC MAC A
Type 0x8100
802.1Q VLAN 10
Type 0x0800
FCS CRC
Host A encapsulates the IP packet (ICMP Echo Request) in a unicast frame and sends it to Host B. Switches forward ICMP Echo Request unicast frame toward Host B.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
DMAC MAC A
SMAC MAC B
Type 0x8100
802.1Q VLAN 10
Type 0x0800
FCS CRC
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Physical problems Bad, missing, or miswired cables Bad ports Power failure Device problems Software bugs Performance problems Misconfiguration Missing or wrong VLANs Misconfigured VTP settings Wrong VLAN setting on access ports Missing or misconfigured trunks Native VLAN mismatch VLANs not allowed on trunk
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Elect a Root Bridge/Switch. Select a Root Port on each Bridge/Switch (except on the Root bridge/switch). Elect a Designated device/port on each network segment. Ports that are neither Root Port nor a Designated Port go into Blocking state.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Layer 3 switches and routers report control plane failures such as continual HSRP, OSPF and EIGRP state changes or that they are running at a very high CPU utilization load.
Switches will experience very frequent MAC address table changes. With high link loads and CPU utilization devices typically become unreachable, making it difficult to diagnose the problem while it is in progress.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Age of the port in the current state: 0d:00h:25m:13s Probable reason: vlan mask is different
<output omitted>
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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EtherChannel Operation
EtherChannel bundles multiple physical Ethernet links (100 Mbps,1 Gbps, 10 Gbps) into a single logical link. Traffic is distributed across multiple physical links as one logical link. This logical link is represented in Cisco IOS syntax as a Port-channel (Po) interface. STP and routing protocols interact with this single portchannel interface. Packets and frames are routed or switched to the portchannel interface. A hashing mechanism determines which physical link will be used to transmit them.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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EtherChannel Problems
Three common EtherChannel problems: 1. Inconsistencies between the physical ports that are members of the channel 2. Inconsistencies between the ports on the opposite sides of the EtherChannel link 3. Uneven distribution of traffic between EtherChannel bundle members
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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not in use, minimum links not met unsuitable for bundling waiting to be aggregated default port
Number of channel-groups in use: 2 Number of aggregators: 2 Group Port-channel Protocol Ports ------+-------------+-----------+------------------------1 Po1(SD) Fa0/5(s) Fa0/6(s) 2 Po2(SU) Fa0/3(P) Fa0/4(P)
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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EtherChannel Diagnostics
Using the show spanning-tree command to examine STP
ASW1# show spanning-tree vlan 17 MST0 Spanning tree enabled protocol mstp Root ID Priority 32768 Address 001e.79a9.b580 This bridge is the root Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Bridge ID Priority Address Hello Time Role ---Desg Desg Desg
32768 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 0) 001e.79a9.b580 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Sts Cost --- --------FWD 200000 BLK 100000 BKN*100000 Prio.Nbr -------128.9 128.56 128.64 Type -----------------------------P2p Edge P2p P2p Bound(PVST) *PVST_Inc
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Routers usually support a wider range of features, mainly because switches need specialized hardware to be able to support certain data plane features or protocols.
On routers, you can often add features through a software update.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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show ip cef
Displays the content of the CEF FIB.
The FIB reflects the content of the routing table with all the recursive lookups resolved already and the output interface determined for each destination prefix.
The FIB also holds additional entries for directly connected hosts, the routers own IP addresses, and multicast and broadcast addresses.
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ASW1# show spanning-tree vlan 128 Spanning tree instance(s) for vlan 128 does not exist.
ASW1# show vlan id 128 VLAN id 128 not found in current VLAN database
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in
10.1.1.1 Listen
pri 110
HSRP: Fa0/0 Grp 1 Active: j/Coup rcvd from higher pri HSRP: Fa0/0 Grp 1 Active router is 10.1.1.1, was local HSRP: Fa0/0 Grp 1 Active -> Speak %HSRP-5-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Active HSRP: Fa0/0 Grp 1 Redundancy "hsrp-Fa0/0-1" state Active
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Alternatives to HSRP
Operational differences between HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP
Feature HSRP VRRP Yes Yes GLBP Yes No
Transparent default gateway redundancy Yes Virtual IP address can also be a real address IETF standard Preempt is enabled by default Multiple forwarding routers per group Default Hello timer (seconds) No
No No No 3
Yes Yes No 1
No No Yes 3
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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debug glbp terse No real equivalent option exits. Multiple debug options must be used simultaneously.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Chapter 4 Summary
Commonly used diagnostic commands for the Layer 2 switching process, VLANs and trunks are as follows:
show mac address-table show vlan show interfaces trunk show interfaces switchport show platform forward interface traceroute mac
Important commands for gathering information about the status of STP and the corresponding topology are:
show spanning-tree [vlan vlan-id] show spanning-tree interface interface-id detail
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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4. Ports that ended up as neither a Root port nor a Designated port go into Blocking state, and the Root Ports and Designated ports move through Listening, Learning and Forwarding states.
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Routers usually support a wider range of features, mainly because switches need specialized hardware to be able to support certain data plane features or protocols.
On routers, you can often add features through a software update.
Chapter 4 2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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To extract information about the forwarding behavior of switches from the TCAMs on some of the common Cisco Catalyst series switches you can use the following commands:
show platform show mls cef
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Chapter 4 Labs
Lab 4-1 Layer 2 Connectivity and Spanning Tree Lab 4-2 Layer 3 Switching and First-Hop Redundancy
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