Verb Diagram

Auxiliary modal auxiliary have be be Main Verb verb (write)-active verb + ed (written)-act. verb + ing (writing)-act. verb + ed (written)-pas.

Verb Phrases
Verb phrases with one, two, or three auxiliaries and one main verb: will write, can wash, may read, have written, is writing, are read will have written, may be washing, can be read, have been washing, had been read, is being read will have been reading, might have been washed Note that we have to follow the directions of the arrows in order to construct verb phrases. We can jump but have to follow the arrows.

Noun Phrases
A noun phrase can have both modifiers and qualifiers simultaneously. MODIFIERS articles a man an elephant the doctor possessive adjectives your comments their problems

descriptive adjectives new ideas good remarks demonstrative adjectives that meeting those workers quantifiers two boys several girls

present participles (-ing form verbs) speeding cars rising stars past participles (-ed form verbs) broken windows used books classifying nouns car factories ghost stories

QUALIFIERS prepositional phrases a girl with red hair the man in the dark glasses adjectives followed by phrases machinery capable of clearing rubble off the main road a concept inconceivable a hundred years earlier infinitives (verbs with to) a simple device to test lung function a comfortable chair to sit on

present participles (-ing form verbs) the cards lying on the table the girl waiting outside past participles (-ed form verbs) two of the problems mentioned above a novel written by a famous author place adverbs down in the dungeon underneath the sentences below

time adverbs a reflection of life today in Indonesia the meeting this afternoon relative clauses Shortly after the shooting, the man who had done it was arrested. Jogjakarta is the town that Jono comes from.

Sentence Patterns
The simplest sentence pattern is one consisting of only two elements: the subject and the verb. This pattern is labelled S+V (S being the subject and V the verb). Other patterns are S+V+C, S+V+O, S+V+O+O, and the like.

What parts of speech can be placed in the position of S, what parts of speech in the position of V, and what parts of speech in the position of O? The subject of a sentence is a noun or a noun phrase and its equivalents (including a pronoun, a verbal noun, a noun clause), the verb is a verb or a verb phrase, and the object is the same as the subject.

Transitional devices (conjunctive adverbs or adverbial conjunctions)

Addition again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too

Comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly Concession granted, naturally, of course

Contrast although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet

Emphasis certainly, indeed, in fact, of course Example or illustration after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly

Summary all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize

Time sequence after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when