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H-1
Electric rate structures vary greatly according to supply voltage and type of customer.
H-2
H-3
Energy charge: a fixed energy rate per kWh of electrical energy used that month. This cost element covers the utility fuel and O&M costs.
Fixed charge: a fixed rate per maximum kW per month. This cost element covers the utility investment cost. PF penalty: a proportional factor based on the kWh used.
H -4
H-5
How is kW Measured
The electric utility does not measure instantaneous values of the kW a facility uses. Instead, they always average the value of the kW over a short period of timeusually 15, 30 or 60 minutes 900, 1,800 or 3,600 seconds. Two common approaches are used to perform this averaging process to get the metered kW value. One is the sliding window averaging method and the other is the synchronous averaging method.
AEE/ Certified Energy Manager CEM H-7
H-8
H-9
Also, electric use fluctuates during the day, and during the season of the year, and causes utilities additional expenses compared to constant loads.
AEE/ Certified Energy Manager CEM H-10
Energy cost
Energy charge : 0.1535 LE/kWh Fixed charge : 7.3 LE/kW/month PF penalty: (0.9-PF)*0.5*energy cost
H - 11
Bill calculation
A factory consumes 50,000 kWh a month, with a maximum demand of 225 kW and power factor is 0.85, find the cost of the electric bill for this month?
H-12
Monthly cost
Energy cost= (----) LE/kWh* 50,000 kWh = ---X--- LE Fixed charge = (----) LE/kW/month * kWmax = ---Y--- LE PF penalty = (0.9-0.85)*0.5* X = --Z LE Total monthly bill = X+Y+Z LE
H-13
Concept: charge more for power (energy) at expensive (peaking) times for the utility. Charge less during less expensive times.
Least expensive
Peak hrs
Least expensive
Midnight Noon
H-14
Cus t omer
1- V ery High V olt age 2- High V olt age 3- Medium & Low 3-1- More t han 5ooK W 3-2- Les s Than 500 K W 3-3- A gric ult ure 40 t o 50 k Wh 51 To 200 k Wh 201 To 350 k Wh 351 To 650 k Wh 651 To 1000 k Wh More t han 1000 k Wh 50 To 100 k Wh 101 To 250 k Wh 251 To 600 k Wh 601 To 1000 k Wh More t han 1000 k Wh 6- P ower Fac t or P enalt y 0. 7 < P F < 0. 9 Les s Than 0. 7
15. 35 18. 00 7. 00 Hous ing 5. 00 8. 30 11. 00 15. 00 21. 00 25. 00 Commerc ial 18. 00 26. 00 32. 20 41. 00 43. 00
7. 30 0. 00 0. 00
(0. 9 - 0. P F) X 50% X E nergy B ill (0. 9 - 0. 70) X 50% X E nergy B ill + (0. 7 - P F) X energy B ill )