Handover

Huawei Wireless Training Department

Contents

Summary

of Handover(HO) Flow

HO Algorithm

HO
HO

Data Configuration
Signaling Flow

Summary of HO
Purpose

of HO of HO

Classification

Summary of HOPurpose of HO

Purpose of HO
To To

keep moving MS continuous communication improve network service performance

To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate

Summary of HOClassification of HO
Classification of HO: according to different HO triggering conditions
1.Emergency HO TA Emergency HO Bad quality(BQ) Emergency HO Rapid signal drop(RSD) Emergency HO Interference Emergency HO

2.Load HO 3.Normal HO

Margin HO Hierarchical HO PBGT HO 4.Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving HO) 5.Over-layer/under-layer HO

HO Algorithm Flow

HO Algorithm Flow

General HO flow
Measurement Penalty Basic HO

report preprocessing

processing

sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics judgement

General Flow of HO Algorithm

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LH o O a d

HO Algorithm Flow

HO algorithm flow
General

HO flow

Measurement report preprocessing

Penalty Basic HO

processing

sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics judgment

Measurement Report Preprocessing

Serving cell
The downlink measurement report of the serving cell The uplink measurement report of MS

Neighbour cell

The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)

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Measurement Report Preprocessing

Measurement Report Preprocessing

Period of measurement report
The measurement report is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink 1.The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH 2.The interval is 480ms/time when MS is on TCH

480ms

4 TCH multi-frames

12TCH

1SACCH

12TCH

1 idle

Measurement Report Preprocessing

Missing MR processing
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an update to the basic sequencing of cells. As BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS, so before the sequencing updating, BSC needs to recover the missing measurement report according to Filter Data Table. If the missing MR amount is within the

allowed range, then recover the missing MRs according

to the algorithm.

Measurement Report Preprocessing

How to recover a MR?

Co ou ns t i nM uR f l o w

M R

M R

M R

M R
M R

Me em a n s t u r e r ro e . p n o t N

M eo e mr a n t s tp u r r e e N o .4 n +

Measurement Report Preprocessing

How to filter the measurement report?

Continuous MR flow

MR

MR

MR

MR

MR

MR

Filter----Average several continuous MR.

Flow of HO Algorithm

General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing

Penalty processing

Basic sequencing of cells and

adjustment of network characteristics

HO judgment

Penalty Processing

There are altogether four types of penalty processing

1. Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails. 2. Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO is performed. 3. Penalty on the other non-layer4 cells after a fast moving HO is performed 4. A second HO is prohibited within the penalty time after a overlayer/under-layer HO fails.

Penalty Processing
1. Penalty on the target cell:
Punish the target cell where a HO fails to avoid MS to select this cell again in another HO judgment and fail again.

Cell A

BTS

HO failure BSC

Cell D BSC gives corresponding signal level penalty on cell D

Penalty Processing
2. Penalty on the serving cell:
Punish the original serving cell after TA\BQ\interf. HO, to avoid it to be handed over to the original cell again and cause ping-pang HO.

Cell A

BTS

BQ HO BSC

Cell D
In cases of HO from cell A to cell D due to poor quality, punishing the original serving cell (cell A)

Penalty Processing
3. Give penalty to all non-layer4 neighbor cells after MS is handed over to a layer4 cell(Umbrella cell) by fast moving HO, to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.

Back? No way!

Umbrella

Macro cell

Micro cell

Penalty Processing
4. A second over-layer/under-layer HO is prohibited within the penalty time after an over-layer/under-layer HO fails

Under-layer Over-layer

No second attempt after a failed HO!

HO Algorithm Flow
General

HO flow
report preprocessing

Measurement Penalty

processing

Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment

of network characteristics
HO

judgment

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics are major parts of the HO judgment. Sequencing is made by 16bits

algorithm. The serving cell and the candidate neighbor cells will be
listed in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The sequencing process includes:

M rule
K rule 16bits sequencing

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

I. M judgment:
According to the min downlink receiving level and the min receiving level offset of the reported neighbor cell, judge whether the cell is qualified as a candidate neighbor cell to be put into the cell list for handover.

M rule: only the cells with receiving signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the candidate cell list. For serving cell: RXLEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o)) For neighbour cell: RXLEV(n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n)) + OFFSET

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

II. K rule:
The cells surviving from M rule, including the serving cells and candidate neighbor cells, are sequenced according to their receiving signal level which is actually a part of 16bits

rule.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

III. 16bits rule Both the serving cell and the neighbor cell have their own 16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and the position is in

the cell list.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level. The value result of max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to the level ranges from 000~110, the value for the cell with the

strongest signal level is 000.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 4th bit: bit value is decided by inter-cell HO hysteresis. The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0, The receiving level of the neighbor cell > The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO hysteresis, set to 0. The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO hysteresis, set to 1. Note: In PBGT HO, if inter-cell hysteresis is larger than PBGT threshold, then inter-cell hysteresis will replace PBGT threshold.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei hierarchical network structure. When the signal level of the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than the hierarchical HO threshold(hysteresis), shield it and set all bits to 0). Huawei network can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical network.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

Hierarchical network structure
Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell GSM 900

GSM 900

GSM 900

GSM 900

GSM1800 Cell

GSM1800

GSM1800

GSM1800

Micro Cell

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM1800

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell load Serving cell: if Load>= Start threshold of load HO, set to 1, otherwise set to 0. Neighbor cell: if Load>=receive threshold of load HO, set to 1, otherwise set to 0. Refer to Load HO Data Table for the start threshold and receive threshold of load HO.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 12th and 13th bits: bit value is decided by co-BSC/MSC adjustment Serving cell: always 0 Neighbor cell: if co-BSC/MSC with the serving cell, set 12/13 to 0, otherwise set to 1, 12th bit is for BSC, 13th bit is for MSC.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than the hierarchical HO threshold( including hysteresis) or co-BSC/MSC adjustment is not allowed, shield them and set 12/13 to 0.

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 14th bit: Hierarchical HO threshold adjustment bit Serving cell: The receiving level >= hierarchical HO threshold hierarchical HO hysteresis, set to 0. Otherwise set to 1, and meanwhile, the 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0 Neighbor cell: The receiving level >= hierarchical HO threshold + hierarchical HO hysteresis, set to 0. Otherwise set it to 1, and meanwhile, the 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0

Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The 15th bit: bit value is decided by cell type No matter it is a serving cell or a neighbor cell: For an extension cell, set to 1. For a normal cell, set to 0. The 16th bit: a reserved bit

HO Algorithm Flow

General HO flow

Measurement report preprocessing

Penalty processing

Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics

HO judgment

HO Judgment Order
Initializing M rule K rule 16bits rule Forced HO Emergency HO judgment Load HO judgment Normal HO Direct re-try

Send HO command
Send HO command Send HO command Margin HO

Fast moving HO Hierarchical HO Over-layer/under-layer HO PBGT HO

HO Judgment

Types of HO Judgment:
Emergency Load

HO----TA, BQ, Interf. RSD

HO

Normal

HO----margin HO, hierarchical HO and PBGT

HO
Fast

moving HO

Over-layer/under-layer

HO

Emergency HO

TA HO:
TA of the serving cell is bigger than emergency HO TA limit

BQ HO:
1. The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell is bigger than the uplink quality limit of emergency HO 2. The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell within is bigger than the downlink quality limit of emergency HO

Requirements for the target cell (same for the two types of HO):
Select the neighbor cells with highest position(lowest 16bits value) except the serving cell.

Emergency HO
RSD HO:
Triggered upon detecting rapid signal drop during the call:
L e v e l

{ { {

M M M R 1 M M R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 M R 6

T i m e

Requirements for the target cell: the target cell is in the highest
position in the cell list.

Emergency HO

Interference HO: also classified as emergency HO, and triggered

when the receiving level is bigger than a certain value but the

receiving quality is worse than the quality threshold of interference

HO. Requirements for the target cell: 1. The target cell is in the highest position except the serving cell 2. The signal level of the target cell should be bigger than the hierarchical HO threshold + the hierarchical HO hysteresis If there is no candidate cell other than the serving cell in the cell list, and intra-cell HO is allowed, then start intra-cell HO. Otherwise, no HO is performed.

Load HO
Load HO
To trigger load HO, 3 pre-conditions should be satisfied at the same time:
The The The

system signaling flow is less than load HO flow level threshold load of the cell needing HO is higher than load HO start threshold load of the cell receiving HO is lower than load HO receive threshold

Requirements for the target cell: the receiving level should be bigger than the hierarchical HO threshold + hierarchical HO hysteresis. It should be in the highest position except the serving cell in the cell list.

BTS

BSC

Normal HO
Margin HO:
1. The serving cell receiving signal level is already lower than the margin HO threshold

2. Within the margin HO statistics time, for example 5 seconds, the time in which the signal level of the serving cell lower than the margin HO threshold is longer than margin HO continuous time, for example 4 seconds 3. The target cell ranks the highest in the cell list

margin threshold

Normal HO
Hierarchical HO:
1. hierarchical HO only exists between different layers or different priorities at the same layer, and

there is no hierarchical HO between cells from the same layer and with the same priority.
2. The triggering condition is that the signal level of the neighbor cell is higher than the hierarchical HO threshold + hysteresis, while there is no requirement for the level of the serving cell. 3.The neighbor cell ranks higher than the serving cell and has higher priority than the serving cell

4. P/N judgment is satisfied, for example, within 5 seconds, the time that the cell is in the first
position of the cell list is longer than 4 seconds. Attention: from low priorityhigh priority, emergency HO, margin HO and hierarchical HO are possible from high prioritylow priority, emergency HO and margin HO are possible, and hierarchical HO is not.

PBGT HO
PBGT HO
PBGT HO algorithm is based on path loss. PBGT HO algorithm looks
for whether there is a neighbor cell with lower path loss and satisfying certain system requirements, and judges whether HO is necessary. PBGT HO brings the following advantages:
Solution Less More

for problems of cross-cell coverage.

times of dual band HO. flexible method for traffic distribution control. offer users with the best service currently available.

Always

Reduce the overall network interference.

Attention: the largest difference between it and other HO algorithms is---the triggering condition for PBGT is path loss instead of receiving power. To avoid Ping-pang HO, PBGT only happens between cells from the same layer and with the same priority.

PBGT HO

Triggering rule of PBGT HO:

The

path loss of the neighbor cell is less than the serving cells by

certain value which is called the PBGT HO threshold

The neighbor cell ranks higher than the serving cell do in the cell P/N rule in PBGT HO statistics time

list
Meeting

Attention: PBGT is only available for TCH HO.

Fast Moving HO
Criteria: Among the statistics cells, if the actual number of cells the MS past fast is equal to or more than fast moving cell actual number, then the MS will be handed over to the neighbor layer 4 cell.

Macro cell

Over-layer/Under-layer HO
Over-layer/under-layer cell: able to realize tight
frequency reuse in the under-layer subcell(inner circle) and wide coverage in the over-layer subcell(outer circle)

Over-layer/Under-layer HO
Over-layer/under-layer cell: division of inner circle and
outer circle is decided by MS downlink receiving level and TA value.

Summary

of HO Flow

HO Algorithm

HO
HO

Data Configuration
Signaling Flow

HO Parameter Configuration
Major

HO parameter configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] 2.[Cell Description Data Table] 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] 4.[Penalty Data Table] 5.[Emergency HO Data Table] 6.[Load HO Data Table] 7.[Normal HO Data Table] 8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table] 9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table]

HO

data lookup process

HO Parameter Configuration
1.[HO Control Data Table] -1

Parameter name Allow common BSC/MSC adjustment Allow penalty processing Allow load handover

Meaning It means whether the 12th and 13th bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred. No means that the 12th and 13th bits are shielded and set to 0. It determines whether to punish the destination cell of handover failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or out of the same BSC. It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell congestion ratio, and improve network performance. It only applies in the same BSC or to cells at the same level, with respect to TCH. It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the algorithm. This algorithm enables fast moving MS hand over to macro cell and lowers times of handover. It is only recommended in special areas (such as a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied.

Value range Yes, No

Recommen ded value Yes

Yes, No

No

Yes, No

No

Allow fast moving micro cell handover algorithm

Yes, No

No

Major HO Parameter Configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name RXLEV drop It means whether RSD emergency handover Yes, No HO algorithm algorithm is allowed, handover the MS which allowed receiving signal level is dropping quickly in advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC must have original measurement report. PBGT algorithm allowed HO It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is Yes, No allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping-pang handover, PBGT handover is only performed between cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH. PBGT handover algorithm can effectively avoid co-frequency or adjacent frequency interference. Recommended value No

Yes

Post-HO PWR It means after a handover whether MS is to use Yes, No pred. Alg. proper predicted transmitting power to access the new allowed channel. This can reduce system interference and improve service quality (this parameter acts in BSC).

Yes

Major HO Parameter Configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] -3

Parameter Meaning Value range name BTS meas. It means whether to perform measurement report Yes, No report pre- preprocessing on BTS. No means preprocessing on processing BSC, when the two parameters of Send original measurement report and Send BS/MS power level do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface signaling and BSC load, and improvement of network response time performance. The switch determines where to perform power control. When it is set to Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC side. When setting this parameter, first be clear whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to set or not.

Recommended value Yes

Major HO Parameter Configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] -4

Parameter Meaning Value range name Transfer It means whether to send the original measurement Yes, No original meas. report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing report on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only processed measurement report but also original measurement report to BSC. Transfer It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS to Yes, No BS/MS power BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power level control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink and downlink balance measurements will be affected, and handover types such as PBGT handover and overlayer/under-layer handover needing power compensation will be abnormal.

Recommended value No

Yes

Major HO Parameter Configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] -5

Parameter name Preprocessing meas. report frequency

Recommended value It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report Twice per According to is preprocessed at BTS side and sent to BSC the Pre- second, Once concrete processing measurement report. This parameter acts only per second conditions when Measurement report pre-processing is open. For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At this time, for handover needing P/N judgment such as margin handover, inter-level handover, PBGT handover and over-layer/underlayer handover, it is necessary to shorten P/N judgment time, because P/N judgment time is correspondingly twice the number of measurement reports in the program, and when the measurement report frequency is lowered, the actual judgment time of BSC is lengthened.

Meaning

Value range

Major HO Parameter Configuration

2.[Cell Description Data Table] -1
Parameter Meaning Value name range Layer of the Huwei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 The cell priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room 1st~4th of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex layers networking environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and 1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher priority. Cell priority Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover 1~16 priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of cells priorities at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority. It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit, and it is also the 0~63dB level requirement on the target cell for interference handover, hierarchical handover and load handover. Then such level should be higher than hierarchical handover threshold + hierarchical handover hysteresis. The hierarchical handover threshold should be set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter-cell handover hysteresis. Works together with the hierarchical handover threshold. 0~63dB Recommended value M900: the 3rd layer M1800: the 2nd layer

Hierarchical handover threshold

25

hierarchical handover hysteresis

Major HO Parameter Configuration

2.[Cell Description Data Table] -2

Parameter name Speed penalty value

Meaning

Value range

It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is 0~63dB open. It is the signal level penalty value on the nonlayer4 neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over to layer4 cell. The parameter is only valid within the speed penalty time. It means that within this time, the penalty on the non- 0~255 layer4 neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed seconds over to layer4 cell by fast moving HO.

Recommended value 30

Speed penalty duration

40

Min This is the min signal level requirement for all candidate 0~63db downlink cells in M rule. Too low configuration may easily cause power of call drops, while too high a configuration might turn handover handover too hard to occur. candidate cell

15

Major HO Parameter Configuration

3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1

Parameter name Adjacent cell ID

Meaning The index value of the adjacent cell. Case 1, if the adjacent cell module number is not the outer-BSC cell, then the adjacent cell ID value ranges 0~255. Case 2, if the adjacent cell module number is the outer-BSC cell, then the adjacent cell ID value ranges 0~799.

Value range

Recommended value

Min access This offset is based on Min downlink power of handover 0~63db level offset candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell list, the corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level must be bigger than the sum of Min downlink power of handover candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.

Major HO Parameter Configuration

3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2
Parameter name PBGT handover threshold Meaning It means that PBGT handover is performed when the difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover threshold. When PBGT handover is open, and Inter-cell handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold (corresponding dB value), Inter-cell handover hysteresis takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT handover threshold also needs to be adjusted according to handover performance statistics result and live network. Recommended value 0~127,corresp It is around 68 in the onding to -- densely populated 64~63dB downtown, and around 72 on the outskirts. Value range

Inter-cell handover hysteresis

Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving 0~63db cell. It is set to reduce Ping-pang HO. The hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according to the handover performance statistics result and live network. Flexible configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and traffic between two adjacent cells.

It is around 4 in the densely populated downtown, and around 8 on the outskirts.

Major HO Parameter Configuration

4.[Penalty Data Table] -1
Parameter Meaning Value range name HO failure cell The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell 0~63db strenth which has caused a HO failure due to problems such as penalty congestion , to prevent MS from a handover re-attempt to that cell again. This value is only valid within the penalty time for handover failure. HO failure penalty duration BQ HO strength penalty BQ penalty duration Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after 0~60 seconds handover failure The signal level penalty value for the original serving 0~63db cell, to avoid Ping-pang handover after emergency handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the penalty time for BQ HO. 0~60 seconds Recommended value 30

10

63

HO Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO.

10

Major HO Parameter Configuration

4.[Penalty Data Table] -2

Parameter Meaning Value range name TA HO The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell, 0~63db strength to avoid Ping-pang handover after TA emergency penalty handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta handover. TA HO penalty duration Underlayer/overlayer HO penalty duration Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency 0~60Seconds handover. After a under-layer/overlayer handover failure (big circle 0~16Seconds hands over to small circle or vice versa), within certain time (this parameter configuration value) under-layer/over-layer handover is forbidden for the same call.

Recommended value 63

10

10

Major HO Parameter Configuration

5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -1
Parameter name Emergency TA HO threshold Emergency HO DL qual. threshold Meaning When TAthis value, emergency handover is triggered The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is open, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering emergency handover, the first to select is the intercell handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered when there is no candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell. quality threshold for Value range 0~63 bit period 63 Recommended value

0~70, 60 corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7

Emergency The uplink receiving HO UL qual. emergency HO. threshold

BQ corresponding 60 to BQ levels of 0~7

Major HO Parameter Configuration

5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name Interf. HO Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for corresponding UL quality interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is to BQ levels of threshold open, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value 0~7 should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the first position and intra-cell handover is permitted, perform intra-cell handover. Otherwise select the second candidate cell to perform inter-cell handover. Recommended value 50, interference quality threshold must be better than the emergency quality threshold

Interf. HO Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for 0~70, 50 DL quality interference handover. corresponding threshold to BQ levels of 0~7

Major HO Parameter Configuration

5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -3
Paramete r name Interf. HO UL Rx PWR threshold Meaning Value range Recommended value 25

Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63db required for interf. HO, when interference handover is triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality threshold and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the serving cell is in the first position in the cell list, and opens intra-cell handover, then start intra-cell HO. Otherwise select the second cell to perform intr-cell HO. Interf. HO Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63db DL Rx required for interf. HO. PWR threshold

30

Major HO Parameter Configuration

5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -4
Parameter name Filter parameters A1~A8 Meaning Value range 10 Recommended value

Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~20 drop judgment, and together with filter parameter B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8 is configuration value minus 10 and B is the negative configuration value): C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+ +A8C(nt-7t) Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the uplink measurement report of the serving cell sent at the time of nt. If C1 (nt) < B, and C (nt) is below the edge handover threshold, then the signal level is considered to be of rapid drop. Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~255 drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation for A1~A8 of filter.

Filter parameter B

Major HO Parameter Configuration

6.[Load HO Data Table] -1

Parameter Meaning name Load HO flow The pre-condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling level flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high threshold because load handover upon max threshold may cause unexpected effect to the system. Load HO start Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is higher threshold than the threshold, i.e. TCH occupied in the cell has reaching the corresponding percentage.

Load HO Rx The Load threshold for the target cells that can accept users threshold from serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCHs under Idle mode in the neighbor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage, the cell refuses to accept MSs from serving cell handed over due to the load reason.

Recommended value 0, 8~11 system 10 flow levels, corresponding to 0, 70, 80, 90 and 95. 0~7 cell load 5 levels, corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 0~7, 2 corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90

Value range

Major HO Parameter Configuration

6.[Load HO Data Table] -2
Parameter name Load handover bandwidth Meaning Value range Recommended value 25

This configuration is related to the margin handover 0~63db threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold + load handover bandwidth.

Graded load When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls 1~60 seconds HO cycle within the serving cell will send handover request at the same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor load, and under certain conditions this will cause the target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby, step by step load handover algorithm is used to control handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of each step. Graded load The whold load HO bandwidth will be divided into several 1~63db HO cycle subbands by this parameter.

10

Major HO Parameter Configuration

7.[Normal HO Data Table] -1
Parameter Meaning Value range name Margin HO During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink 0~63db uplink receiving level is lower than the value is higher than threshold certain time called continuous time, margin handover will be performed. If PBGT handover is open, corresponding margin handover threshold will be set lower. Recommended value 25 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 15 (single station on outskirts), 15 (with PBGT handover, downtown)

Margin HO Downlink consideration for margin HO. downlink threshold

63db

30 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 20 (single station on outskirts), 20 (with PBGT handover, downtown)

Major HO Parameter Configuration

7.[Normal HO Data Table] -2

Parameter name Margin handover statistics time Margin handover continuous time

Meaning

Value range 5

Recommended value

It means that within the time statistics, if the 1~16 seconds time in which the signal level is lower than threshold is higher than the continuous time, then margin HO is to be triggered. See the above. 1~16 seconds

Major HO Parameter Configuration

7.[Normal HO Data Table] -3

Parameter name PBGT handover statistics time PBGT handover continuous time

Meaning Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.

Value range 1~16 seconds 5

Recommended value

Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.

1~16 seconds

Major HO Parameter Configuration

7.[Normal HO Data Table] -4

Parameter name Hierarchical handover statistics time Hierarchical handover continuous time

Meaning

Value range 5

Recommended value

Statistics time for Hierarchical HO judgment 1~16 seconds

Continuous judgment.

time

for

Hierarchical

HO 1~16 seconds

Major HO Parameter Configuration

8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table]

Parameter Meaning Value range name Fast moving The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving. 1~10 cell meas. The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of number system flow, while too small value may cause inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS. Fast moving The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If 1~10 cell actual within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of number cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast moving MS. Fast moving The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius 0~255 time threshold (r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS is judged to quickly pass the cell.

Recommended value 3

15

Major HO Parameter Configuration

9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range name U/O intensity BTS transmitting Power difference between inner 0~63db difference circle and outer circle may cause MS receiving signal intensity difference in inner circle and outer circle. The parameter indicates power compensation value for the inner circle, and it is usually antenna output power difference in dB between inner circle and outer circle. According to field measurement, multi-point measurement is necessary if the inner circle and outer circle use different antenna.

Recommended value Set according to actual conditions

Major HO Parameter Configuration

9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name Rx level Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and TA hysteresis 0~63db threshold land this threshold jointly define inner circle area and outer circle area. It must be bigger than margin handover threshold, and the recommended value is: margin handover threshold + signal intensity difference between inner circle and outer circle. Rx level Works with Rx threshold. hysteresis TA threshold 0~63db Recommended value 25

It must be bigger than TA emergency handover 0~63 bit period, threshold. with 1 bit period corresponding to 0.55km Works with TA threshold. 0~63 bit period

TA hysteresis

Major HO Parameter Configuration

9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -3

Parameter name

Meaning

U/O handover P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. statistics time

Value range 0~16 seconds

Recommended value 5

U/O handover P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. continuous time

0~16 seconds

Major HO Parameter Configuration

9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -4
Parameter name Assign optimum layer Meaning In U/O ells, the following selection are available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the best cell. (2) Select the outer circle first for TCH assignment. (3) Select the inner circle first for TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority. Value range System optimization, over-layer subcell, under-layer subcell, no preferential Recommended value System optimization

Assignoptimum level threshold

If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate, 0~63dbm filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level threshold, so as to assign outer or inner circle channel. If SDCCH is in the outer circle: margin handover threshold + signal intensity difference between inner circle and outer circle + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the inner circle: margin handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance, for the time being. 25 is recommended for the time being.

Major HO Parameter Configuration

9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -5
Parameter name Intra-BSC intercell HO optimum algorithm Meaning Value range Recommended value Yes

When the cell is configured into a U/O cell, there are two Yes, No processing methods for incoming handover request in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment. (2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in inter-cell handover request message to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channel for MS from inner cell or outer cell.

Incoming If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a U/O Outer circle, None BSC HO cell, then, this parameter will show which layer is prefered to inner circle, optimum layer provide service fro the MS. none

HO Data Configuration
Major

HO data configuration

1.[HO Control Data Table] 2.[Cell Description Data Table 3.[Adjacent cell Relation Table] 4.[Penalty Data Table] 5.[Emergency HO Data Table] 6.[Load HO Data Table] 7.[Normal HO Data Table] 8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table] 9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table]

HO

data lookup process

The process to Look for HO Data

1.BA2 table defines BCCH carriers of all defined neighbor cells, and they are sent to MS by system message 5 on SACCH.

2.MS reports BCCH carriers,BSICs and signal levels of the max. 6 neighbor cells which have highest signal levels out of all the defined neighbor cells, and of the serving cell to BSS (through measurement reports)
3.After pre-processing of measurement reports, BSC ascertains module numbers, cell number and CGI of all neighbor cells through Adjacent cell Relation Table and Cell Description Data Table (or Outer Cell Description Data Table) by the aid of BCCH carrier and BSIC. 4.BSC performs HO judgment processes such as basic sequencing of cells (completed in LAPD board),and it sends HO request messages carrying target cell CGI to MPU of BSC once finds suitable target.Then according to CGI, MPU ascertains the module number of the cell in Cell Module Information Table. 5.MPU sends a HO request message to the module and counts Outgoing HO request one time.

Summary

of HO Flow

HO Algorithm HO HO

Data Configuration Signaling Flow

HO Signaling Flow
HO HO HO

in BSC in MSC between MSCs

HO in BSC

Signaling Flow

HO in BSC

Precautions
For the asynchronous HO, if MS still could not access the new

channel after the target cell sends PHY INFO up to max times,
the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC, with the reason: HO access failure. After receiving the message, BSC starts the release flow for the new channel in the target cell .

Attention: Max resending times of physical information*Radio link connection timer > Time interval of EST IND~HO DETECT (120~180ms), to make full use of the physical information in case the link is unstable.

HO in BSC

Statistics counter points

MS BTS(Source) BSC BTS(Target) MSC

Measurement Report Measurement Report

Incoming handover request times in BSC

T09++
Handover algorithm judges outgoing handover request (incoming handover request reaches) T12++

Channel Activation

Outgoing handover request times in BSC Channel Activation ACK Handover Command (Old FACCH) Handover Access (New FACCH) Handover Complete (New FACCH) RF Channel Release Successful incoming handover times In BSC T10++ T13++

Successful outgoing handover times In BSC Handover Performed

HO in BSC

HO formula
HO success rate in BSC=
Times of success inter-cell HO in BSC

Times of inter-cell HO request in BSC

Times of success inter-cell HO in BSC

Wireless HO success rate in BSC

Times of inter-cell HO in BSC

Wireless HO success rate >= HO success rate

HO in MSC

HO Signaling Flow
HO HO HO

in BSC in MSC between MSCs

HO in MSC

Signaling Flow

HO in MSC

Channel Release Flow

HO in MSC
MS BTS(Source) BSC MSC BSC BTS(Target)

Statistics counters of HO in MSC

Measurement Report Measurement Report

Times of outgoing handover request between BSCs

Handover Required

Times of incoming T17++ handover request between BSCs T14++

Handover Request

Channel ACT Channel ACT ACK Handover Request ACK Handover Command Handover Access Handover Detect Handover Complete Times of successful incoming handover between BSCs Handover Comple te T15++

Cle ar Command (HO successful) T18++ Times of successful RF Channel Release outgoing handover between BSCs Clear Complete

HO in MSC

HO formula
Times of success outgoing BSC HOs + Times of success incoming BSC HOs

HO success rate in MSC=

Times of outgoing BSC HO requests+

Times of incoming BSC HO requests

Times of success outgoing BSC HOs +

Wireless HO success rate in MSC

Times of outgoing BSC HOs + Times of incoming BSC HOs

Times of success incoming BSC HOs

HO Between MSCs

HO signaling flow
HO HO

in BSC in MSC

HO

between MSCs

HO Between MSCs
MS
Um A Mobile

MS
B

BSS1
Radio transmission signal measurement

MSCa

MSCb
A Um

VLRb BSS2

HO REQ. Perform HO(MAP) (Global target cell (Global target cell ID list) global service cell ID
channel type)

HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin Incl. New TCH and HON Allocation HO number

Radio channel ack.(MAP)

Incl. New TCH and HON

Send HO report (HON.)

IAM ACM HO COMMAND HO CMD Hnadover MS to new channel via original BSS Send end signal(MAP) CLEAR COMMAND CLEAR COMPLETE ANS Release PCMD HO test HO finish Send end signal HO DETECT HO COMPLETE BSS2 selects TCH to connect to PCM circuit MS enter target cell

~ ~ ~ Release (TUP/ISUP)~
End signal(MAP)

Disconnect MSCa and MSCb

HO report

HO Between MSCs

Signaling flow Abnormal conditions

The following conditions will cause HO failure---MSC-B MSC-B

fails to identify the target cell does not allow HO to the indicated target cell The target cell has no channel available in it VLR-B has no HO number available HO error or unsuitable data

HO Between MSCsSubsequent HO Flow

Roaming MS E MSCa BSS2 Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQUIRED (target cell table) Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number) Perform HO (target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type) HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number) Allocate HO number Send HO report(HON) MSCb MSCb' VLRb VLRb' BSS2' MS

Radio channnel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAM ACM Subsequent HO ack. HO COMMAND Send end signal (MAP) ANS End signal (MAP) CLEAR COMMAND Release (TUP) CLEAR COMPLETE Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb Release HO report Release HON HO DETECT HO COMPLETE

~ ~

End signal (MAP) Release (TUP/ISUP)

~ ~

Release HO report

Release HON

Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'

HO Between MSCsSubsequent HO Flow

Subsequent HO

MSC-A

MSC-B
MSC-C

MSC-C

Highway

HO Between MSCs

Statistics countersame as HO in MSC, statistics is made by BSC

HO formula-- same as HO in MSC

Basic Flow of HO Signaling

1. There is no HO request information for HO in BSC, and all of the HO is analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent directly.

2. When the target cell is not in the BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds that LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following procedure.
3.When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its REMOTLAC Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether to allocate HO number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving MSC after receiving HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the following procedure.

HO in BSC and Inter-BSC HO

Major differences:
1. Inter-BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC, with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message. HO in BSC does not have any CGI in any message, it is handled inside BSC. 2. HO in BSC only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time. But in the inter-BSC HO, MSC is involved ever since the HO request .

Thanks