DECEPTION DETECTION

DECEPTION DETECTION METHODS

I.

II.

Devices which record the Psycho-physiological response A. Polygraph or Lie Detector Machine B. Word Association Test C. Psychological Stress Evaluator Drugs that Inhibit the Inhibitor A. Administration of Truth Serum B. Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis C. Intoxication with Alcohol

DECEPTION DETECTION METHODS (CONT)

III.
IV. V.

Hypnotism Observation Scientific Interrogation

Techniques: A. Emotional appeal B. Mutt & Jeff techniqueC. Bluff on Split-Pair technique D. Stern approach E. Narration

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NS
Brain Spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NS
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Autonomic NS

Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division

Fight or Flight system E system: exercise, excitement, emergency, embarassment Act briefly but the hormonal effects linger so need to come down (calm down)

Resting & Digesting System D division: digestion, defecation, diuresis Active when the body is at rest and not threatened

Sympathetic

Pasrasympathetic

Lungs- dilatation of bronchioles Heart increases the force and rate of contraction Eyes dilates pupils Digestive- decrease activity Blood vessels-constrict BV,increase BP, dilates in heart and skeletal muscles

Constriction of bronchioles Decreases heart rate

Constrict pupils Increases mobility

No effect

POLYGRAPH
A machine that records physiologic changes occurring in association with lying Fear of the subject----activation of the sympathetic nervous system-----physiologic changes----polygraph tracing Like an ECG or EEG with recording stylets on moving paper Subject is seated on a chair with attached gadgets (pneumograph, BP cuff, electrodes, inflatable rubber) connected to the recording machine

POLYGRAPH (LIE DETECTOR MACHINE)

PHASES:

Pre-test Interview Actual Interrogation / Recording

Irrelevant Questions Relevant Questions Control Questions

Post-test Interrogation Supplementary Tests

Peak of Tension Test Guilt Complex Test Silent Answer Test

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE 25 % ERROR IN THE POLYGRAPH

1. Nervousness or extreme emotional tension by the subject 2. Physiological abnormalities 3. Mental abnormalities 4. Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject 5. attempt to beat the machine through controlled breathing or muscular flexing 6. Application of muscular pressure which produce ambiguities in the BP tracing

WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

A list of stimulus or non-stimulus words are read to the subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible Important factor: the time of response in relation to the stimulus or non-stimulus

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)

Machine that detects, measures and graphically displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear When a person is stressed (lying), the voice utterance is suppressed and the sound frequencies disappear When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, the sounds are registered clearly on the instrument

INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL

Maxim: In wine there is truth Inhibits the higher brain centers Excitatory State: Questions are asked (sense of well-being, less strained speech and emotions) Depressive State: No longer able to answer questions Confessions made under the influence of alcohol may be admissible if

The subject is able to recollect the facts that he has uttered after the effects of alcohol has subsided

OBSERVATION (PHYSIOLOGICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNS OF GUILT)

Sweating Color change: flushed or pale Dryness of the mouth Excessive activity of the Adams apple Fidgeting Peculiar feeling inside Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion Spotless past record or religious man Inability to look at the investigator straight in the eye Not that I remember expression

SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION
TECHNIQUES Emotional Appeal

friendly investigator 2 investigators; arrogant / friendly Several subjects interrogated separately

Mutt & Jeff Technique

Bluff on Split - Pair Technique

Stern Approach

harsh language
The subject is allowed to tell his story

Narration

TYPES OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS

Based on Behavioral attitude

Active Aggressive Offender (passion, revenge) Passive Inadequate Offender (inducement, reward)

Based on State of Mind

Rational Offender (motive, full mental capacity) Irrational Offender (mad killer)

Based on Proficiency
Ordinary Offender (limited skill) Professional Offender (highly skilled)

Psychological Classification
Emotional Offender (passion, anger accidental) Non-emotional Offender (financial gain, recidivist)

LEGAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THE

ACCUSED

1) Sec. 12 (1), Art. III, Bill of Rights, 1987 Constitution

Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

LEGAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THE

ACCUSED

2) Miranda Vs. Arizona (US Supreme Court) (Miranda Warnings)

He has the right to remain silent Anything he says can be used against him in a court of law He has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer present during the questioning If he cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning, if he desires.

Confession

Admission

An expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal case of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged, or of some essentials thereof.

A statement of fact by the accused ; does not involve an acknowledgement of guilt