STRUCTURE 2 FALL 2012

Module 7 & 8 Comparison Noun Clauses October, 14th 2012 Elizabeth Valentin elizabeth.valentin@outlook.com Skype: elizabeth.valentin

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

MODULE 7 - COMPARISON

Structure 1
Positive degree Smart Comparison degree Smarter Superlative degree Smartest

Good Expensive
Bad

Better More expensive

Worse

Best The most expensive

Worst

Example: This watch is as expensive as yours. John is smarter than Juli. John is the smartest in his class. This clothes is the most expensive clothes in the store.

Unclear Comparison

Unclear Comparison
Atau Ambiguous Comparison

Ketidakjelasan bagian mana yang dibandingkan

1. He likes Rina better than Mary. Subjek (he) / Objek (Rina) yang dibandingkan? He likes Rina better than he likes Mary. Object comparison

He likes Rina better than Mary does. He likes Rina better than Mary likes Rina Subject comparison

Unclear Comparison
1. Bob loved his horse much more than his wife.

his wife : sebagai subjek atau objek?

Bob loved his horse much more than his wife loved his

horse. his wife sebagai subjek Bob loved his horse much more than he did his wife. his wife sebagai objek

Illogical Comparisons
Kalimat yang menunjukkan perbandingan yang tidak

sepadan
1. She has a car smaller than her brother. 2. Marys grades are better than last year.

Seharusnya: 1. Her car is smaller than her brothers. 2. Marys grades are better now than they were last year.

Repeating Comparison

The + comparative, the + comparative

Perubahan yang terjadi secara bersamaan

Makin ..., makin ....

Example: - The more, the merrier. - The sooner you start, the more quickly you will finish. - The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.

The + comparative, the + comparative

More + adjective/adverb/noun tidak bisa dipisahkan
Salah! The more it is dangerous, the more I like it. Benar! The more dangerous it is, the more I like it. Salah! The more you know people, the less time you have to see them. Benar! The more people you know, the less time you have to see them.

The + comparative, the + comparative

Bagian kedua dari kalimat (setelah koma) dapat dibalik

susunannya.
The more people that sign up for the trip, the cheaper the

price will be. The more people that sign up for the trip, the cheaper will be the price.

The + comparative form

Digunakan untuk membandingkan 2 benda atau 2 hal

saja. The + superlative : membandingkan 3 hal atau lebih.

Example: I think this painting is the more interesting of the two. Comparative adjective Of the two students, Rina works the harder. Comparative adverb Of the two wars, the Diponegoro War was the longer.

Double Comparison

Double Comparison
Menyatakan perubahan terus menerus

Example: - She is getting fatter and fatter. (tanpa menggunakan more, bentuk comparative diulang) - He felt himself becoming more and more nervous. (menggunakan more, kata more diulang)
Note: More = -er & Most = -est jadi tidak dipakai 2 kali He is more lonelier here than he was in America (lonelier) Joe kicked the ball the most farthest of all (farthest)

More Used as non-comparative

More
Sebagai noun, pronoun (kata ganti), adjective

1. Noun yang bearti tambahan

What more do you want? There is hardly any more. May I have a few more? There are still one more.

Bisa didahului any, one, a few, atau berdiri sendiri.

More
2. Pronoun There is still a lot of food. Do you want to have some more? There is still a lot of fried rice. Do you want to have some more? More menggantikan food dan fried rice.

More
3. Adjective determiner. Bentuk comparative dari much dan many.
We need more help. Do you have any more paper? More people drink wine these days. My children need more writing books.

Dapat dipakai untuk uncountable (1-2) atau countable (3-4)

More of
More of bisa diikuti oleh kata benda yang mempunyai

determiner seperti:
Article : a, an, the Possesive : my, your, his, her, their, our Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

May I have some more of your grapes, please? You have to read more of this information. I dont think any more of the students want to take this

course.

Less and Fewer

Less and Fewer

Less Arti/makna Bentuk comparative dari Noun Little Uncountable noun Fewer Tidak banyak/sedikit Few Plural countable

Less: Less butter Less food Fewer: Fewer eggs Fewer meals

Less and Fewer

Adjective dan determiner After his marriage, Bill had less money than before. Mr. Benny had fewer customers yesterday than today. Adverb tidak terlalu banyak Eat less, drink less, and sleep more. Please behave less foolishly. Less = tidak kurang apabila didahului kata no His salary is no less than 5 million rupiahs a month. Noun kurang atau jumlah yang lebih sedikit I can finish this work in less than an hour. I want fewer of these and more of those.

Less
Diikuti kata sifat dan membentuk comparative He was less hurt than frightened. Try to be less impatient. Bisa di ganti dengan not so ... as.. He was not so hurt as frightened. Try to be not so impatient. None the less : tidak kurang dari Though he cannot leave the house, he is none the less. Although he is pension, he is none the less.

MODULE 8 NOUN CLAUSES

What is noun clause?

His story was interesting.
Noun sebagai subjek

What he said was interesting

I heard his story. I heard what he said.

Noun sebagai objek.

Klausa

Kelompok kata yang mempunyai Subjek dan Predikat.

What is noun clause?

Kata-kata yang dipergunakan untuk memperkenalkan noun clauses. Question words When Where Why How Who Whom Which whose Whether if That

Noun Clause with Question Words

Question Where does she live? What did he say? When do they arrive? Pattern: Where + she + lives Q S P Question Who lives there? What happened? Who is at the door? Pattern: Who + lives there S P Noun Clause I dont know who lives there. Please tell me what happened. I dont know who is at the door. Pattern: What + happened S P Pattern: Who + is at the door S P Noun Clause I dont know where she lives. I couldnt hear what he said. Do you know when they arrive?

Noun Clause with Question Words

Question Who is she? What are these men? Whose house is that? Pattern: Who + is V Aux Question What did he say? Noun Clause I dont know who she is. I dont know what those men are. I wonder whose house that is. Pattern: Who + she V S Noun Clause What he said surprised me.

+ she S

+ is Aux

What should they do?

What they should do is obvious.

Noun clause sebagai subjek. Subjek dalam bentuk noun clause menggunakan singular verb.

Whether or If
Noun clause dengan whether/if dikembangkan dari Yes/No Question.

Yes/No Question Will she come? Does he need help?

Noun Clause I dont know whether she will come. I dont know if she will come. I wonder whether he needs help. I wonder if he needs help. With or not

Without or not

I dont know whether she will come. I dont know whether she will come or not.

I wonder whether he needs help.

I dont know if she will come. Pattern: Whether or not Whether . or not If . or not

I wonder whether or not he needs help.

I dont know if she will come or not.

Or Not tidak mengubah makna kalimat, hanya memberi penekanan.

QW followed by Infinitives.
Should Can/Could I dont know what I should do. Pramuki cant decide whether she should go or stay home. QW with Inf I dont know what to do. Pramuki cant decide whether to go or to stay home.

Please tell me how I can get to the Post Office.

Jamal told us where we could find it.

Please tell me how to get to the Post Office.

Jamal told us where to find it.

QW with Inf memiliki makna yang sama dengan should can/could.

Noun Clause with that

Noun clause with that berasal dari statement (pernyataan) Statement : expression of an idea or a fact.

Statement

Noun Clause

She is a good teacher.

The world is round.

I think that she is a good teacher. I think she is a good teacher.

We know (that) the world is round.

That : hanya untuk menunjukkan awal dari noun clause. Contoh diatas: noun clause sebagai objek dari suatu predikat. that dapat dihilangkan dalam percakapan.

Noun Clause with that

Statement She doesnt understand chinese. Noun Clause 1. That she doesnt understand Chinese is obvious. 2. It is obvious that she doesnt understand Chinese. 3. That the world is round is a fact. 4. It is a fact that the world is round.

The world is round.

Pada contoh 1 dan 3, noun clause sebagai subjek. Jika sebagai subjek, that tidak dihilangkan. Pada contoh 2 dan 4, It digunakan sebagai subjek.

Noun Clause with that

Bisa diikuti dengan kata kerja Assume, believe, guess, learn, know, think, hope, notice, etc Example: I dont think that he is strong enough to do the job. Bisa diikuti dengan kata sifat Be aware, be afraid, be happy, be certain, etc Example: I am certain that he is sick.