Application of Engineering Seismology

Group Members: 2011-MS-CES-03 2011-MS-CES-04 2011-MS-CES-15 2011-MS-CES-18 2011-MS-CES-28 2011-MS-CES-30 2009-MS-CES-36

Introduction
How Earthquake Occurs?

Earthquakes Occur due to Plate Tectonics

Earthquakes primarily occur at the interface between rigid

plates on the earths surface, as there is relative motions between these rigid plates (relative motion caused by convection currents in the earths mantle) What is Engineering Seismology? Study of protection of the built environment against the potentially destructive effects of earthquakes

Retrofitting Techniques
Retrofitting:

The modification of existing structures to make them

more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquake. Difference between retrofitting and strengthening? Strengthening: is an improvement over the original strength when the evaluation of the building indicates that the strength available before the damage was insufficient. Retrofitting: is the improvement of building after the damage.

Retrofitting Techniques(Contd..)
Surface treatment

Surface treatment incorporates different techniques such as ferrocement, reinforced plaster, and shotcrete. By nature this treatment covers the masonry exterior and affects the historical appearance of the structure. Concrete Jacketing and Adding Infill Walls Concrete jacketing is applied on all columns in usually first floors of the building to increase the story strength and stiffness as it is the weakest part of the building. The addition of masonry infill walls can increase story strength as well as story stiffness.

Retrofitting Techniques(Contd..)
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs)
In

this technique diagonal bracing configuration is selected to remove any torsional irregularity in the building to increase its stiffness and strength.

Friction Dampers Earthquakes release energy through ground shaking motions, which induce seismic loads to a building structure. Friction dampers absorb the earthquakeinduced energy (or load) when the steel plates slide against each other at predetermined slip load, i.e. dissipating the earthquake-induced energy through friction-generated heat energy

Vertical and diagonal

Retrofitting Techniques(Contd..)
Grout and epoxy injection

Fibre Reinforced Cement

It is to restore the original integrity of the retrofitted wall and to fill the voids and cracks, which are present in the masonry due to physical and chemical deterioration. Supplemental Energy

Dissipation and Control System It can be by three different method: Active Control System Passive Control System Semi-active Control System. The severity of seismic demand and structure is proportional to its stiffness and inversely proportional to its damping or energy dissipation capacity. Thus, installing supplemental energy dissipating devices in the structure reduces the seismic demand and results in increased safety of the structure and its

Fibre reinforced cement, or FRC, comprises of a high strength fiber glass grid or mesh and a thin layer of fibre reinforced cement. Adding a FRC overlay onto an URM wall enhances its strength and ductility performance without increasing its stiffness

Retrofitting in context of Pakistan

(Masonry structures) Rectification for achieving adequate earthquake resistance of the building requires simple methods that are suggested below Reducing the number of stories. Increasing thickness of load bearing wall Use of quality mortar to construct brick walls. Larger size/number of DoorWindow openings in any wall or use of small size piers between consecutive openings. (RC Structures) Epoxy Injection Technique Filling cracks by injection is necessary to join the deboned concrete, and bring the structure to stronger

Cost Analysis of Retrofitting Techniques

Sr. #. 1 2

Retrofit method

Economic features
Requires purchase of shot-creting system including pressurized hoses and pump, although initial installation costs could be offset by retrofitting many houses. for application in poor communities. Minimal costs as such products are readily available and can be easily applied.

Surface treatment (shotcrete)

Stitching & grout/epoxy injection Seismic wallpaper [netcomposites.com 2008] Post tensioning (rubber tyres) Confinement

E-glass costs $2 - $4 per kg. Field experiments have shown that retrofitting with a composite material is cost-effective. Combined cost of scrap tyres and connectors is ~$0.6 / m. This can be further reduced by mass production of connectors. Cost-effective for application in new building, costing little in comparison to the overall construction costs. As a retrofit, requires demolition and reconstruction of wall sections making it uneconomical for this purpose. For 1000 sq. ft house, costs $400 when using steel reinforcement. Supplement dissipation devices is an very expensive approach its initial cost and maintaince cost is very high

4 5

6 7

Steel mesh cage Supplemental dissipation devices

New ideas for seismic Protection

Shear walls: Structure can be made

Shear walls are made of reinforced concrete add strength and stiffness to the building. Shear walls can handle short duration earthquakes

stable to earthquake in Pakistan by making it symmetrical, continuous, and small in plane

Shear walls can raise the structural cost by

New ideas for seismic Protection(Contd.)

ENERGY ABSORBERS: BASE ISOLATION:

The function of the energy absorbers is to absorb energy by deforming if the structure experiences a large earthquake, thus protecting the main supporting structure.

The principle of base isolation is to introduce some form of flexible support at the base of a building so that the earthquake forces transmitted to the buildings are much lower than if the building is firmly fixed to the ground

The lead helps to absorb the seismic energy and so protects the building.

New ideas for seismic Protection(Contd.)

BRACED

FRAMES: Braced frames and moment resistant frames maintain structural integrity by flexibility

COLUMNS STIFFER
THAN BEAMS The beams will fail before the columns , limiting failure to the area supported by the beam and enabling the beams to be used as energy, absorbers columns tends to occur very rapidly

New ideas for seismic Protection(Contd.)

LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS:
To be earthquake proof, buildings, structures and their foundations need to be built to be resistant to sideways loads. The lighter the building is, the less the loads. This is particularly so when the weight is higher up. Where possible the roof should be of light-weight material.

FOUNDATIOM

GEOMETRY: Foundations should be interconnected so as to achieve an integral action, and should all rest at the same level.

Questions????