Basic and Derived Structure

SYNTAX

by. Nur Kamaliyah Nomie Setiarindah

Risnu Laila A.
Suciasih

Constituent Structure Grammar

(English Grammar for Today, p.113)

Constructing / generating grammatical sentences

rules

To identify the constituents of sentences and their structure

Constituent Structure Grammar

(English Grammar for Today, p.113-114)

eg. The question may arise.

VERB (1) *The ask may arise. (2) *The question arise may.

NOUN

modal Aux = Aux, can only occur before Mv

(asteriks) : precedes an ungrammatical construction

Constituent Structure Grammar

(English Grammar for Today, p.114)

Basic and Derived Structure

(English Grammar for Today, p.114)

BASIC ORDER of clause elements

S, P, O, C, A

the normal declarative clause

Basic and Derived Structure

(English Grammar for Today, p.114 - 115)

3 [(I) (adore) (cocktails)]. 3a [(cocktails) (I) (adore)].

BASIC ORDER DERIVED ORDER

SPO OSP SPC CSP SPA APS ASP

4 [(He) (looks) (an old fogey)]. BASIC ORDER 4a [(what an old fogey) (he) (looks)]. DERIVED ORDER 5 [(The rain) (came) (down) 5a [(Down) (came) (the rain) 5b [(Down) (it) (came) BASIC ORDER DERIVED ORDER DERIVED ORDER

Rule 1 : fronting rule

Basic and Derived Structure

(English Grammar for Today, p.115)

RULE Rule 1 FRONTING

BASIC STRUCTUR E

DERIVED bec ome STRUCTURE

Under these condition

S P O/C/A

>

O/C/A S P

a. In MCls , to give emphasis b. When the shifted element is whelement (what, which, etc.) In MCls, where A is adverbial of place, where S is not a pronoun (cf. (5b)), and where P contains a Mv of position or motion.

Rule 2 S-P INVERSION

ASP

>

APS

Basic and Derived Structure

(English Grammar for Today, p.116)

1.

TRANSFORMATIONS OPTIONAL (RULE 1a) :: cz either order is grammatical

[ s (They) P (call) O (me) C (the Texas Ranger] BASIC (6a) [ C (The Texas Ranger) S (they) P (call) O (me)] DERIVED (6)

2.

OBLIGATORY
is possible

(RULE 1b) :: cz only the derived order

(7) *I cant see [ s (I) P (am doing) O (what] (7a) *I cant see [ O (what) S (I) P (am doing)]

BASIC DERIVED

 Missing Elements
(English Grammar for Today, p.116)

Omission

of relative pronouns

In accordance with Rule 1(b)

(8)

The stories [(which) (he) (invented)] were incredible.

[O S P]
(8a) The stories [(he) (invented)] were incredible. [S P]

Rule 3 : a relative pronoun preceding the subject can be omitted

 Missing Elements
Omission

in comparative clauses

(10a) [Ann can knit mittens faster [than Pam can knit mittens]]. [cj S P O] (10b) [Ann can knit mittens faster [than Pam can]]. [cj S Aux] (10c) [Ann can knit mittens faster (than Pam)]. (P P )
Contrary to basic constituent structure rules

ELLIPSIS Avoids repetition of words and structures used elsewhere in the context

 Missing Elements
Omission

in Coordinate Constructions

(11) [(<Molly and her sister>) (are) (still) (at school)]. means : (11a) [(Molly ) (is) (still) (at school)] and [(her sister ) (is) (still) (at school)].
[(The butler) (was <amazed and delighted >) (by what he saw)]. means : (12a) [(The butler) (was amazed) (by what he saw)] and [(the butler) (was delighted ) (by what he saw)]. (12)

 Missing Elements
Omission

in Coordinate Constructions

(13) [(She) <(got) (out of bed) and (went) (to the phone)].
S<PA+PA>

(14) [(Ill <(phone) (the hotel) and (order ) (some lunch)>].

S Aux < Mv O + Mv O>

Rule 3 : two or more coordinate clauses can be reduced in length by the omission of any words and structures which are mere repetitions of what is in one of the clauses

 Missing Elements
Tag Questions a question added to a declarative sentence to check or clarify information.

(16) [We must go now], [mustnt we]? [ Aux not S ] ? (17) [You arent leaving], [arent you]? [ Aux S ] ? (18) [You can drive], [cant you]? (19) MCl[He said that], MCl[did he]?

Basic and Derived Structure

SYNTAX

:: thank you ::

:: thank you ::

:: thank you ::