TONG HP HU C & HOA DAU

GV: AO TH KIM THOA Bo mon CNCB Dau kh, Khoa CNHH, H Bach Khoa Tp. HCM

HOA HOC TREN C S METHANE

methane

kh tng hp

NH3

urea acid nitric hydrazine

CH3OH

formaldehyde acetic acid MTBE

xng MTG
Fischer Tropsch hydrocarbons

Properties

Methane is the major component of a natural gas, about 97% by volume. At room temperature and standard pressure,
methane is a colorless, odorless gas; the smell characteristic of natural gas is an artificial safety measure caused by the addition of an odorant, often methanethiol or ethanethiol. Methane has a boiling point of 182.6C at a pressure of one

atmosphere. As a gas it is flammable only over a narrow range of concentrations (515%) in air. Liquid methane does
not burn unless subjected to high pressure (normally 4-5 atmospheres.)

Potential health effects Methane is not toxic; however, it is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is violently

reactive with oxidizers, halogens, and some halogen-containing compounds. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may
displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19.5% by displacement. The concentrations at which flammable or explosive mixtures form are much lower than the concentration

at which asphyxiation risk is significant. When structures are built on or near landfills, methane off-gas can penetrate the
buildings' interiors and expose occupants to significant levels of methane. Some buildings have specially engineered recovery systems below their basements to actively capture such fugitive off-gas and vent it away from the building. An example of this type of system is in the Dakin Building, Brisbane, California.

II. Kh tng hp:

CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

Kh thien nhien Cac phan an dau tho

Ng.liu nh
Mt sn phm trung gian quan trng

Steam reforming
-CH2 - + H2O CO + 2 H2

Cac phan oan dau tho

Ng.liu nng

Oxy hoa khong hoan toan

Kh tng hp

Than a

Kh hoa

Synthesis gas (syngas) is produced from methane (natural gas) as an intermediate step in the production of basic chemicals like methanol, ammonia, and oxo-alcohols. CO2 is produced in the syngas reaction and must be removed before further catalytic conversion of CO and H2 can proceed toward the desired chemical. Depending on which basic chemical is to be produced, the H2/CO syngas ratio may need to be adjusted. UOP can provide
pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or hydrogen membrane systems as packaged equipment to meet this need.

Steam reforming
Ni, 700 - 800 oC, 30 50 atm

CH4

naphtha
CH4

H 2O

CO

H2

naphtha

H 2O

CO2

H2

To, P cao: TBP bang kim loai

Oxy hoa khong hoan toan:

T (1200 1500oC), P (30- 80 bar)

CH4 + O2

CO + 2 H2

Khac vi steam reforming: khong co xuc tac

nhiet cung cap t phan ng chay (in-situ)

Thanh phan kh tong hp (%V)

H2 CO CO2

Steam reforming
Oxy hoa khong hoan toan

75
50

15
45

10
5

100
100

Phan ng Water Gas Shift

Phan ng Water Gas Shift nhiet o cao: Fe3O4 - Cr2O3 350 400oC
Hi nhieu e ngan qua trnh kh Fe3O4 thanh Fe (xuc tac cho s hnh thanh C t CO) Phan ng nhanh nhng can bang cha 3% mol CO Neu muon 100% CO chuyen hoa, can thiet b II nhiet o thap

Phan ng Water Gas Shift nhiet o thap: CuO ZnO , 190 - 260oC Hon hp can bang cha 0.1% mol CO CuO: thanh phan hoat ong ZnO: chat mang, bao ve Cu khoi qua trnh au oc cua hp chat S hap phu

Hydrogen Recovery Equipment

III. Amonia:

Ammonia Tanker

Kh TN
CH4 + H2O 2 CO + 3 H2 Air CH4 + 0.5 (O2 + 3.76 N2) CO + 2H2 + 1.88 N2

Steam reforming

Partial oxydation

WGSR
NH3
Fe, 800 oF, 4000 psi N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3

CO + H2O 3H2 + CO 4H2 + CO2

CO2 + H2 methanation CH4 + H2O CH4 + 2H2O CO2 removal

NH3 synthesis

H2 + N2

NHA MAY AM PHU MY Cong ty phan am va hoa chat dau kh quan ly Toa lac tai khu cong nghiep Phu My I, BaRa Vung Tau

Van hanh ngay 03 - 09 2004, s dung cong nghe tien tien nhat cua Haldor Topsoe (an Mch) v Snamprogetti (Italy).
Von au t 445 trieu USD, cha ay 10 thang hoat ong, nha may a san xuat 350.000 tan urea, hn 150.000 tan NH3 long, doanh thu at 1900 ty ong. ay la nha may au tien ti Vit Nam s dng ngun kh ng hanh m Bch H, kh thien nhien t bn trng Nam Cn Sn va cac be khac tren thm lc a Vit Nam sn xut urea phc v sn xut nong nghip

1. Urea: 2NH3 + CO2 NH2 -C - O - NH4 O NH2 -C - O - NH4 O

ng dung: phan bon

NH2 - C - NH2 + H2O O ng dung: phan bon, thuoc no 4 NO + 6 H2O 2 NO2 2 HNO3 + NO

2. Acid nitric:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 2 NO + O2 3 NO2 + H2O

3. Hydrazine: 2 NH3 + H2O2 NH2 NH2 + 2 H 2O

ng dung: nhien lieu rocket, dcpham, phan bon

IV. Methanol:

CO +
CO2 +

2 H2
3 H2

CH3OH
CH3OH + H2O

ICI: P thap (50 atm), xuc tac Cu base, T: 240oC

ng dung: chat trung gian, thanh phan pha xang

Methanol is produced by the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas). Because the ratio of CO:H2 in synthesis gas from natural gas is approximately 1:3, and the stoichiometric ratio required for methanol synthesis is 1:2, carbon dioxide is added to reduce the surplus hydrogen. An energy - efficient alternative to adjusting the CO:H2 ratio is to combine the steam reforming process with autothermal reforming (combined reforming) so that the amount of natural gas fed is that required to produce a synthesis gas with a stoichiometric ratio of approximately 1:2.05.

air

Natural gas

desulfurization Air separation Steam reforming oxygene Methanol

Autothermal reforming

Methanol distillation

Methanol synthesis

CO2 H2 O CH4

Recycled synthesis gas

Off gas methanol

water

water

Higher alcoho Synthesis gas plant

methanol plant