Shifted Multiplicative Model

Navdeep Singh Jamwal

INTRODUCTION
Genotype x environment interaction (GEI) is the variation caused by the joint effects of genotypes and environments (Dickerson, 1962). Distinction between cross over interactions (COI) and Non cross over interactions (NCOI) is failed due to GEI Cross over interaction results in the rank change of genotypes over different environments. GEI complicate identification of superior genotype for range of environment If GEI is high, Breeding gain is smaller.

IMPORTANCE OF GEI
Range Broad genetic background Narrow genetic background Maximizing genetic variation among environment s and significant means between testing environments

Wide range of distinct environment

Low heritability due to GEI and unreliable ranking of genotypes across environments

Uniform environments

Maximizing genetic variation and significant means between testing genotypes

Useless

Shifted multiplicative model is developed by

Seyedsadr & Cornelius (1992)

It is a tool to analyze the separability of Genotypic effects from environment effects Environment effects from genotypic effects Complete separabilty

Gregarious and Namkoong (1986) Separability defined one property which is that if cultivar effect is

separable from environment effect than there are no rank

Mean of ith genotype in jth environment

Shift parameter Scaling constant for axis k Constraints for ith genotype Constraint for jth environment Residual error K = 1 Primary effect (significant) = 2 Secondary effect (nonsignificant)

REQUIREMENTS OF SHMM

Condition for absence of significant genotypic rank change interaction

SHMM adequate for fitting data Primary effect should have same signs of environments

Condition for absence of significant environment rank change interaction

SHMM adequate for fitting data Primary effects of genotypes should have same signs

Condition for absence of significant genotypic and environment rank change interaction
SHMM adequate for fitting data Primary effects of genotype and environment should

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

Source 1. Genotype 2. Site 3. Genotype X Site 4. Pooled error SHMM 5. Primary effects 6. Secondary effects 7. Tertiary effect 8. Remainder d.f. g-1 s-1 (g-1)(s-1) s(r-1)(g-1)

SHMM STUDIES

Cornelius et al. (1993) used SHMM clustering to group 41 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes into non-COI clusters from a multisite trial data that included seven environments. Crossa et al. (1993), using the SHMM model, clustered 59 international sites into five non-COI groups and concluded that the procedure appears useful in identifying subsets of sites with negligible genotypic COI. Crossa et al. (1995) used the SHMM model for clustering five irrigation levels in two years (10 environments) and results were compared with the conventional cluster analysis using the Euclidean distance as the criterion. The SHMM clustering strategy formed more homogeneous non-COI subsets of sites than the conventional clustering

CASE STUDY

Data of 41 wheat genotypes evaluated in randomized complete block design in four replications in the year 1985 at each of the seven Locations at Kentucky

Clustering First step of is to make the dendrogram by complete linkage with distance defined as Residual Sum of Square Total 40 clusters

Nine clusters formed

By fitting the SHMM1 No or insignificant

COI

SHMM1 FITTED TO DATA (GOOD FIT)

Non Cross over interactions

SHMM1 FITTED TO DATA (POOR FIT)

Unconstraint least square fit of SHMM1 to data

Cross over interaction s

Constraint least square fit of SHMM1 to data

DIFFERENCES IN CLUSTERS

Parallel regression lines

Point of intersection toward left

Constrained sol. Pt. of intersection moved towards left

Point of intersection toward right

Response of eight high yielding cultivars in five clusters

Response of unclustered six cultivars

IMPORTANCE OF SHMM
Categorization of locations with similar environments helps breeders to efficiently utilize resources and effectively target germplasm. Useful tool to breeder in making decision on release of cultivar It helps in selection, testing and identifying superior genotypes Subsets of environments represent similar selection environments facilitate the exchange of germplasm