PHY461 Industrial Automation

Lecture # 4 Analogue Signal Conditioning

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Divider circuits Bridge circuits RC filter

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Divider circuits
Useful to convert resistance into voltage

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Divider circuits
The voltage of the divider is given as
Vs

VD Vs
R1
VD R2

R2 R1 R2

Vs supply voltage R1 , R2 divider resistors

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Divider circuits
The variation of VD with either R1 or R2 is nonlinear The effective output impedance of the divider is the parallel combination of R1 and R2 The current flows to both R1 and R2. The power rating of both resistors should be considered
Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Divider circuits
The divider shown has R1 = 10.0 k and Vs = 5.00 V. Suppose R2 is a sensor whose resistance varies from 4.00 to 12.0 k as some dynamic variables varies over a range. Then find (a) the minimum and maximum of VD (b) the range of output impedance, and (c) the range of power dissipated by R2
Vs

R1
VD R2
Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad
Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Bridge Circuit
Bridge circuits are used to convert impedance variations into voltage variations. Application of bridge circuits is in precise static measurement of an impedance

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
The potential difference V between points A and B is
V VA VB

Where,

VA V

R3 R1 R3

R4 VB V R2 R4

V Bridge supply voltage

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad
Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge
The voltage difference between A and B
VR3 VR4 V R1 R3 R2 R4

The equation above can be reduced to

R3 R2 R1 R4 V V R1 R3 R2 R4

At particular combination of resistance values, the voltage difference is zero

R3 R2 R1 R4
Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad
Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge
Galvanometer is used as a null detector in the Wheatstone bridge to detect the condition of the Wheatstone bridge And it is required to determine the current offset instead of voltage offset Galvanometer is represented as an resistance RG The equivalent circuit of the Wheatstone bridge with Galvanometer is

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad

Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Conditioning Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge
The current offset is determined by
IG Vth Rth RG

Where,

Vth Thevanin eqivalent voltage of the Wheatsone bridge R3 R2 R1 R4 V R1 R3 R2 R4 Rth Thevanin eqivalent resistance of the Wheatsone bridge R1 R3 RR 2 4 R1 R3 R2 R4
Industrial Automation Created & Presented by Muhammad Zeeshan Saeed

Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad