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Compaction of Soil
Chapter 5
DETERMINATION OF FIELD UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTION Standard method for determining the field unit weight compaction include: Nuclear density meter Sand cone method Rubber balloon method.
Nuclear density meter are used for determining the compacted dry unit weight of soil. Density meter operate either in drilled or from the ground surface. It measure
Weight of wet soil per unit vol. Weight of water per unit vol.
Dry unit weight =moist unit weight of soil minus the weight of water.
PROBLEM 5.3
VIBROFOLOTATION
Technique for in-situ densification of thick layers of loose granular soil deposits. Developed in Germany in 1930 First device was used in USA in 1940. Process involve the use of vibroflot also known as vibrating unit , which is 7 ft long. Vibrating unit has an eccentric weight inside it and can develop a centrifugal force, which enables the vibrating unit to vibrate horizontally. There are opening at the top and bottom of the vibrating unit for water jets . The vibrating unit is attached to a follow up- pipe .The entire assembly of equipment necessary for compaction is shown in the figure
5.4 VIBROFLOTATION
Vibroflotation is a technique for in situ densification of thick layers of loose granular soil deposits. It was developed in Germany in the 1930s.
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5.4 VIBROFLOTATION-PROCEDURES
Stage1: The jet at the bottom of the Vibroflot is turned on and lowered into the ground Stage2: The water jet creates a quick condition in the soil. It allows the vibrating unit to sink into the ground Stage 3: Granular material is poured from the top of the hole. The water from the lower jet is transferred to he jet at the top of the vibrating unit. This water carries the granular material down the hole Stage 4: The vibrating unit is gradually raised in about 0.3-m lifts and held
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The presence of organic material in soil reduces its strength. Soil with high organic content are discarded Slightly organic are used for compaction (for economic reasons) Organic soil are desirable for agriculture, desertification etc With high cost of waste disposal possible use of waste material in various land fill operation has come up. Such uses are thrust to environmental geo-technology. Following are compaction characteristics of some of these materials:
1)
Organic soil
1. ORGANIC SOIL
Several laboratory test have been conducted to study the effect of organic content on the compaction characteristics of soil. Organic content exceeds 8 to 10% , the max dry unit weight of compaction decreases rapidly . Conversely the optimum moisture content increases with the increases in organic content. Conclusion : soil with organic content higher then 10% are undesirable for compaction.
These product have tested in the lab are proven to be safe for use as a landfill
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Mould
One Liter
Drop (mm)
300
No of layers
3
CBR
4 in 6 in One Liter CBR 4 in 6 in CBR
2.5
2.49 2.49 4.5 4.5 4.54 4.54 32 to 41
300
305 305 450 450 457 457 Vibration
3
3 3 5 5 5 5 3
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25 56 27 62 25 56 1 minute
Compaction Characteristics
Reasonably Stable when Dense Poor, gets better with high density Poor, Unstable
Dry Density
Water Content
Several samples of the same soil, but at different water contents, are compacted according to the compaction test specifications.
The first four blows The successive blows
(2)
The total or wet density and the actual water content of each compacted sample are measured.
(3)
Mt , d Vt 1 w
Plot the dry densities d versus water contents w for each compacted sample. The curve is called as a compaction curve.
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