SEMINAR REPORT 2012-2013

FINAL YEAR VIIth SEMESTER

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AT 220kV G.S.S. V.K.I, JAIPUR FOR 30 WORKING DAYS FROM 24th MAY TO 29th JUNE

Submitted To: Head of department MR. S.N. JHANWAR Submitted By

YASH SHARMA

GU IDED BY:
MR. R.K. JAIN(AEN.)

INTRODUCTION
There are several Sub station b/w generating & final load points. The Sub station should be installed & commissioned to deliver the power to the distribution network.. These sub station receive power from incoming lines. The power is transformed to design voltage by the transformer and is then supplied to outgoing lines. There are may be two or three voltage level in sub station depending upon incoming & outgoing line voltage level. The electrical sub station design in influenced by following aspects : Rated voltage of incoming & outgoing lines. Total MVA to transferred. Geographical area available. step-up and step-down. Switching sub station Receiving sub station Distribution sub station Industrial sub station Industrial or outdoor sub station

BUS-BARS
It is conductor to which a no. of circuit are connected. In (220kV) G.S.S. there are two bus-bar running parallel to each other, one is main & other is auxiliary bus. The purpose of using two bus is only for stand by. In each of failure of one bus we can keep the supply continue with the help of other bus by using isolators. According to bus voltage the material is used. The most commonly used material is Aluminum & copper. But Aluminum is widely used because of its property & feature & it is cheap as compared to copper. Type of bus-bar system : Single bus-bar system Single bus-bar system with sectionilation Duplicate bus-bar system

BAY
Bay is a arrangement of the protection and metering equipment. It have isolator, circuit breaker and current transformer. This instrument arrange between two bus-bars. First is main bus and second is auxiliary bus.
MAIN BUS A

CIRCUIT

BREAKER C.T.

ISOLATOR

AUXILARY BUS

Transformer
A transformer is a static device of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transferred into electric power of the same frequency in another. It can rise up or down the voltage in a circuit but with the corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical basic of transformer is mutual induction but now electric circuit linked by a common magnetic flux. It is simplest form it consist of induction coil which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage in step up in the laminated core must be linked with a another coil in which it produced mutually induced emf . In brief transformer is a device that transfer the electric power from one circuit to another circuit. It transfer electric power without change of frequency. It accomplished this by electro magnetic induction where two electric circuit are in mutual induction so they are influence of each other. Basically transformer used in the generation & distribution purpose are divided into tow categories: A. Distribution transformer B. Power transformer

Main oil tank Conservating tank Buchholtz relay H.V. Bushing

Tap changing box Breather

Radiator

Cooling fan

L.V. Bushing

BUSHINGS
1. Bushings: bushing are made from highly insulating material to insulate and to bringout the terminals of the transformer from the container. The bushing of three types: porcelain bushing used for low voltage transformer Oiled filled bushing for voltage up to 33kV Condenser type bushing used for voltage above 33kV

BUSHING

i. ii.

iii.

CONSERVATOR TANK
1. Conservator tank: it is used generally to conserve the insulating property of the oil from deterioration and protect the transformer against failure on account of bad quality of oil. Conservator is partially filled with oil. Its function is to allow space for expansion of oil due to heating and contraction due to cooling of oil.
Conservator tank Buchholtz relay Main conservator tank

BREATHER
1. Silica gel dehydrating breather: the breather is used to prevent entry of moisture inside the transformer tank. The breather consists of silica gel. Its also called copper sulfate(CuSO4). When air is taken in or out of the transformer due to contraction or expansion of oil in the tank, the silicagel absorbs moisture and allows the air free from moisture to enter the transformer.
Moisture saparator

COOLING SYSTEM
Radiators: in large capacity transformer above 50kVA and above, the increase in oil temperature is quite high. On account of losses in the transformer, the oil near the windings gets heat and heat up and its heat dissipation by the radiators. Fans: when the natural cooling is not sufficient and wdg or oil temperature is increases and oil temperature is above 70 to 75oc the fans is on automatically and manually. Motor :when the load on the Xmer is instantly high then the temperature of wdg is also increase so motor will on.

Radiators

Cooling Fans

PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER
Pressure relief valve in case of the major faults in the T/r like short circuit in the winding the internal pressure is build up to a very high level which may result in rapture of tank to avoid this PRV is provided. Oil temperature indicator:- it is a distance thermometer operated on principle of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temperature at marshalling box. The connection between the thermometer and the dial indicator is made by steel capillary tube. Winding temperature indicator :- it also operates on principle of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temperature at marshalling box hot spot temperature of winding. The winding hot spot of top oil temperature difference is simulative by means of CT current fed to the heater coil fitted around operating bellows.

:-

MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER
The general notes and information given under storage, handling and installation etc. are applicable to routine maintenance:1. The oil level should be checked at frequent intervals and any excessive leakage of oil investigated. There may be a slight loss of oil by evaporation this need not cause concern if the thank is topped up at regular intervals. 2. All miner leaks or sweating should be repaired as quickly as possible. 3. Oil for topping up should comply with clause 2.3.3 and should preferable be from the same source as the original oil. Oil from different crudes may not be completely miscible and may separate into layers. Feature, there may be a greater tendency to form acidity or sludge in a mixture then in an oil from a single source added a make up only boot not exceeding about 10. 4. Samples of oil should be taken at regular intervals and tested. 5. It may be mentioned that the dielectric strength does not give a true indication of the deteriorated condition of the oil. Even an oil which highly with give a high dielectric strength, if it is dry. Normal method of oil purification only maintain the dielectric strength, but do not give indication of the deteriorated condition of the oil, it is, therefore, inadvisable to relay solely on the dielectric strength a minimum of 60kV r.m.s. across a standard gap (13mm spillers 4mm aparts).

INSULATOR
To prevent the flow of current to the earth from support to transmission line as distribution line. one all secured to the supporting towers and poles with the help of insulator. Thus the insulators play an important role in the successful operation of the lines. Principally the insulator are made of porcelain and stealite the later had the advantage of very much higher tensile & bending strength compared with porcelain tightened glass in another material which is some time is used for insulators.

Pin insulator

Types of insulators:
1. 2. PIN INSULATOR SUSPENSION INSULATOR
T clamp
Violated hardware

Suspension insulator

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
1. Gas operated relay (buchholz relay): it is a gas actuated relay used for protective oil immersed transformer against all types of fault. It indicates presence of gases in case of some minor fault and take out the transformer out of the circuit in case of serious fault. It is connected between the main tank and conservator tank through pipe. It is full of oil under normal condition of operation. It consists of cast housing containing a hinged hollow float, inside of which is a mercury switch.

PROTECTIVE RELAY
Protective relaying is necessary with almost every electrical plant . The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as typed and rating of the protected equipment, its importance, location probable abnormal condition, cost etc. the protective relays sense the abnormal condition in a part of a power system and gives an a alarm or isolates that part from healthy system. The relays distinguish between normal and abnormal condition. Whenever an abnormal condition develops, the relays close its contacts. Thereby trip circuit of the circuit breaker is closed. Current from the battery supply flows in the trip coil of the circuit breaker and the circuit breaker open and the fault part is disconnected from the supply.
THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELEY: 1. To sound & alarm or to close the trip ckt or ckt breaker so as to disconnect a component, which include overload, under frequency, short ckt etc. 2. To disconnect the abnormally operating path so as to prevent the subsequent faults. 3. To disconnect the faulty part quickly so as to minimize the damage to faulty part. 4. To localize the effect of fault by disconnecting the faulty part from healthy part causing least disturbance to the healthy system. 5. System to disconnect the faulty part quickly so as to improve the system stability, service continuity and performance.

Classification of relays
the relays consists of one or more elements which are actuated by the electrical quantities of the circuit in which they are connected the relay can also be classified according to their operating characteristics as detailed below :1. SOLENOID TYPE 2. ATTRACTED TYPE 3. ELECTRO DYNAMIC TYPE 4. MOVING COIL TYPE 5. IDUCTION TYPE 6. THERMAL RELAY 7. DIRECTIONAL OR REVERSE CURRENT TYPE 8. DIRECTIONAL OR REVERSE POWER TYPE 9. DEFFERENTIAL RELAYS 10. UNDER VOLTAGE, UNDER CURRENT AND UNDER POWER RELAYS 11. OVER VOLTAGE, OVER CURRENT AND OVER POWER RELAYS 12. DISTANCE RELAYS

Lightning arrestor
It must provide a conducting path to the earth as and when abnormal transient voltage occurs on the system. It must be capable to carry the discharge current safely without getting it self damaged under transient voltage condition. The power frequency current, following the breakdown, must be interrupted as soon as the transient voltage has fallen below the breakdown value. It should not pass any current to earth in the normal working voltage of the system. In other words, it should acts as insulator at normal working voltage.

TOWERS
Towers are useful for long transmission uses. Generally broad base lattice steel towers are used. Which are mechanically strong and have long life basically steel towers are two types : 1. Narrow base lattice type tower 2. Broad base lattice type tower Narrow base lattice type tower are used for 11kV or 33kV. Where as broad towers are used for 66kV & above. Types of tower: 1. A type= suspension 2. B type = cut point 3. C type = heavy towers. In this tower, moving angle is 300-450 4. D type = heavy towers. It is used to move the line at an angle to the give supply at different place. In this tower, we can move the line at 900 .

Isolators
Isolators operates on no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity. Its disconnect to one section of an electrical device from its other line section, thus providing a visible break. While opening a circuit, a circuit breaker is opened first and then isolator is operated to open the circuit. And reverse process to closing the circuit. Isolators used in power system are generally 3poles and one poles isolators. In three poles isolators middle isolators is moving and connected rode is mechanically moved.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The circuit breakers is just like a switch which can be operated manually or automatically. Its operated in normal or fault condition. when CB connectors is make and break arc is generate but the medium in the CB like oil, SF6, vacuum or air blast arc is quenched. All high voltage CB may classified into four types 1. oil circuit breaker 2. Air blast circuit breaker 3. Vaccum 4. SF6

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

1. Oil CB: In the oil CB CBs are filled with transformer oil to extinguish the arc during opening of the contacts and also to insulated the current conducting parts from one another and from the earthed tank. Advantage: i. The arc energy is decomposed in oil. ii. The good cooling properties of the oil. iii. The oil serves as a good insulating medium. On/off indication Disadvantage: i. It is easily inflammable ii. It may form an explosive mixture with air . iii. It require maintenance Oil level indicator

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

Air blast CB: the ABCB effectively are

used in system operating at 132kV and above up to 400kV with breaking capacities 7000MVA and above. These breakers employ compressed air (18-20 kg/cm2) for arc extinction. The ABCB has the following advantage; Chances of fire hazard are almost eliminated. The operation speed is very high. The maintenance of ABCB is much less. Reclosure at high speed is possible

Air tank

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

Vacuum CB: the vacuum CB works on principle that vacuum is used to serve the purpose of insulation and it implies that pressure of gas at which break down voltage becomes independent of pressure. Vacuum is superior dielectric medium and it is better than all other media except air and sulphur which are generally used at high pressure.

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

The SF6 circuit breaker of CG2 manufactured in collaboration with are of single pressure PUFFER TYPE. They represent the latest circuit breaker design technology. The breaker generates the quenching medium pressure during the breaking process. The pressure of the SF6 gas in the breaker is low, there by eliminating the need for extra heating of the SF6 gas compartment. In the new SF6 circuit breaker have an extra compressed air tank for make and break the contact.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current is measured by current xmer. The In the CT primary winding is connected in series with line carrying the current to be measured.

Primary wdg consists of very few turns and, due to this, there is no appreciable voltage drop across it. The secondary Wdg of C.T. has large number of turns and the exact number of turns can be determined by the turns ratio.
The ammeter or wattmeter current coil are connected directly across the secondary Wdg terminals, therefore, a current transformer operates its secondary nearly under short ckt condition. One of the terminals of the secondary Wdg is earthed so as to protect equipment and personnel in case of insulation breakdown in the current xmer

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
The primary winding of P.T. is connect across the line carrying the voltage to be measured voltage circuit is connected across the secondary winding. The loading of P.T. is always small (sometimes only few volt-amperes) Design of P.T. is quit similar to that of a power transformer. secondary wdg consists very few turns and load connected in the secondary. P.T have a large core and conductor size than power transformer. P.T. size is large but current is less so losses is not appreciable.

P.L.C.C.
Power Line carrier Communication

Power line carrier communication system differs in the method of calling, the power supply or in the modulation system. Each end of the power line is provided with identical carrier equipment consisting of transmitter, receiver, line tunning unit master oscillator, power amplifier etc. Brief illustration of P.L.C.C. system given in this section.

WAVE TRAP
Wave trap is used in the G.S.S. to G.S.S. communication. It have inductive coil which provides high impendence for the higher frequency. These high impendence provide by tunning system. Cause of higher impedances its coil block the communication signal. In this construction have a lightning arrester which protect the coil from the high faulty voltage and current. It is connected in the series with the supply line busbar. Its one end is connected to the C.V.T.

 The C.V.T. consists of a capacitive potential divider and an inductive medium voltage circuit. The inductive part is immersed in mineral oil and sealed with an air cushion a steel tank ;one, two or three capacitor units are mounted on the tank and are used as capacitive potential divider . Capacitor is used for communication frequency filtrations and it is behave like a short circuit for hair frequency. Capacitance of the Coupling capacitor is 400 F. Potential transformer is used for metering, protection of yard equipments etc. It have star point.

C.V.T.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

The on-load tap changer consists of the diverted switch installed into a pressure tight oil compartment separated from xmer oil & the tap selector mounted below it. The tap changer is attached to the xmer cover by means of tap chager head, which also serves for coupling the drive shaft and for connecting a pipe to the oil conservator. If required, the tap selector may be equipped with a change over selector.

CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor bank is used for improve the power factor of the feeder side. It also improve the voltage . R.V.T. is a residual voltage transformer. Series reactor is a device who controlled the high value current and maintain the need current.

R.V.T.

CAPACITOR

Series reactor

EARTHING
Earthing of non current parts from the point of view of safety of personnel. Earthing of generator and Xmer neutral to provide for an operative protected system. The common Earthing bus is employed to which are connected the frames of all electrical machines. The causes of instrument Xmer, switch board, Earthing line, insulator base, building structure etc . Thus if the Earthing system is effective, a zero or nearly zero earthing potential will be established on all metal parts which may otherwise develop a dangerous potential with respect to earth in case of an earth fault. The earth resistance magnitude is approximately 0.1 .

NEED OF EARTHING
To sufficient low impedance path to fault current to facilitate satisfactory operation equipment under fault condition. To ensure that living (steady state) being in the vicinity of sub station are not exposed to unsafe potential under steady state and during fault condition. To retain system voltage within reasonable limit under fault condition (such as lighting, switching surge or inadvertent contact with higher voltage system) and ensure that voltage is not exceeded upto insulation break down level. Graded insulation can be used in power Xmer in solidly earthed system. A means of monitoring the insulation of the power equipment.

EARTHING TRANSFORMER
Earthing transformer is used for the earthing of neutral point or wire of the delta connected winding. Because in delta have no neutral point so it is provide neutral point of the delta connected winding.

BATTERY ROOM
D.C. system 1. (+) Plate :- it consists of lead boroxide PbO2 deposits on the grid frame. 2. (-)Plate :- it consists of porous sponge of lead deposits on a grid frame an antimony lead allow similar to that (+) plate. 3. Separator :- its function to keep the +ve & -ve plate electrically part. It consists of a thin sheet of canon conducting porous material. 4. Container :- it is made of hard rubber it is a box in which assembly is kept. 5. Electrolyte :- it is dilute H2SO4 acid containing 31% acid by weight by weight & 21% by volume. The specific gravity of electrolyte is 1.23 at 27o c 6. Connector :-the function of connector is to connect two battery in series in a battery tank, it is made of thick CU strips specific gravity condition of Battery 1.22 to 1.23 100% charged 1.2 to 1.21 75% charged 1.75 to 1.85 60% charged 1.15to 1.16 25% charged BATTERY CHARGING :- discharged battery burg charged by a battery charger. There are two battery charger one for 110V battery & other for 220V battery. The different methods are available for charging of battery such as; 1. Tricle charging 2. Float charging 3.boost charging 4. Constant voltage charging 5. constant current charging

FIR PROTECTION SYSTEM

In order to guard against possibility of a sudden pressure caused by break down on a short circuit in transformer winding. When the oil is convert in the gas form the level of the oil is down and mercury switch contact is connect and the relay is operate and a motor is going on start and nitrogen kit valve is open so all the oil is relief in 5second like 5000 liters. And nitrogen gas is struck the arc or an quenching medium.

CONTROL ROOM
Control room is used to control to working the battery room, compressor room and electrical instrument and protecting devices present in the yard of G.S.S. the equipment used for this purpose are compact and they are provided for:1. Control and inducting equipment. 2. Relay and indication equipment voltage regulation. At 220kv G.S.S. cubical construction of panel board are used. Mash cubical are arranged in a line side by side. Different panels of different circuit breaker, transformer, lightning arrester, isolator, current transformer and potential transformer, P.L.C.C. etc. are coming to the control room. In each set of panel there are at least over current and one earth fault relay. From control panel the operate can know what is happening in the sub station yard. The operator can control, start, regulate or switch off the main circuit from control panel. In sub station the control and relaying equipment is installed in control room. The diagram of main connection are given in front face of the panel there diagram indicate the position of the C.B. and isolator. The control operate get the idea as to which can be increased to accommodate relay and other equipment in case complex protective scheme relay panel is necessary.

SAFETY PRECAUTION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Always wear uniform & shoes. They are for your safety. Ring and watches can get caught in the machinery. Do not wear them when on duty. Be alert and mind on your job, dont see dream. Do not be over confident if may lead to a major accident. Playing and monk eying is dangerous, avoid it. Be watch full of blind corner you may be caught in wrong way. Do not smoke in prohibited area. Keep the work area clean, dry, chip fee and free of obstruction. Do not touch/ operate equipment unless you are authorized mind sharp edges. Lubricate the M/C part with bore hands use cloth cotton waste brush etc. as required. Do not repair or try to adjust any equipment. Ensure all guard are in position before M/C working on job. Ensure all M/C control of the M/C are accessible to you. Do not attempt to change the speed of M/C in running. Use the right tool for the job in right way. Dont use over size spanner using wood or skin on packing piece. Dont use broken, damaged or warm out tools, nuts etc. for damping. Keep yourself at a safe distance from the cutting tools action. Dont touch measures job when it is hot or in motion. For any injury whether small or big get first aid first.