Principle of diversity

The basic principle of diversity is that the RX has multiple copies of the transmit signal, where each of the copies goes through a statistically independent channel Example: RX with two antennas are assumed to be far enough from each other such that small-scale fading is independent at the two antennas. The RX chooses antenna with large receive power

Correlation coefficient
Diversity is efficient when the fading copies of the same is independent or uncorrelated. The correlation coefficient of two copies X and Y is given by:

 Correlation coefficient with temporal separation and frequency separation f1 f2 is given by:

Micro diversity
The methods used to combat small scale fading is called micro diversity. Here the distance between two antennas may be in few meters

Methods generates diversity

Spatial diversity: several antenna elements separated in space. Temporal diversity: transmission of the transmit signal at different times. Frequency diversity: transmission of the signal on different frequencies. Angular diversity: multiple antennas (with or without spatial separation) with different antenna patterns. Polarization diversity: multiple antennas with different polarizations.

Spatial diversity
Most popular form of diversity The transmit received at several antenna elements separated in space.

NEED
To find the relationship between antenna spacing and correlation coefficient. Relationship different for BS and MS antenna.

 MS in cellular and cordless systems: points of constructive and destructive interference of Multi Path Components (MPCs) are spaced approximately /4 apart. To get required decorrelation. EX: minimum distance for antenna elements in GSM (at 900 MHz) is about 8 cm

 BS in cordless systems and WLANs: same rules as above since equal radiation in all direction. BSs in cellular systems : the antenna spacing required to obtain sufficient decorrelation increases. Antenna spacing has to be on the order of 2 20 wavelengths for angular spreads between 1 and 5 in order to achieve decorrelation.

Temporal diversity
Wireless propagation channel is time variant, so the signals that are received at different times are uncorrelated. For sufficient decorrelation, the temporal distance must be at least 1/(2max),where max is the maximum Doppler frequency.

Temporal diversity
Repetition coding: signal is repeated several times, With sufficient interval to achieve decorrelation. highly bandwidth inefficient Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ): the RX sends a message to the TX to indicate whether it received the data with sufficient quality, if not transmission is repeated.

 Combination of interleaving and coding: Advanced version of repetition coding is forward error correction coding with interleaving. The different symbols of a codeword are transmitted at different times, and reconstructed in RX that increases SNR.

Frequency Diversity
In frequency diversity, the same signal is transmitted at two (or more) different frequencies. the frequencies are spaced apart by more than the coherence bandwidth of the channel, and fading is approximately independent

 Since both the signals at same time correlation coeff becomes

Compressing the information in time: sending short bursts that each occupy a large bandwidth. Code Division Multiple Access

 Frequency hopping in conjunction with coding: different parts of a codeword are transmitted on different carrier frequencies

Angle diversity