Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

Many scientists contributed to the development of the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Bohr Planck DeBroglie Heisenberg Schrodinger Pauli
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What was already known..

Early 1900sbelieved that
Energy is quantized Electrons have both wave and matter properties Electrons can be at a variety of specific energy levels in an atom
Energy levels are called orbits

Proposed that electron had both wave and matter properties

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Schrodinger & deBroglie

S & deB pictured the electron bound to the atom in a standing wave
Standing vs. traveling waves
See page 301

Schrodinger
Sch.. Proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in standing waves
Each orbit represents some whole number multiple of a wavelength Schrodinger analyzed the hydrogen data based on the assumption that the electrons behaved as standing waves.

Schrodinger
Schrodingers equation takes into account:
The position of the electron in 3D space (its x,y,z coordinates) Potential energy of the atom due to the attraction between electrons and protons Kinetic energy of the electron

Schrodinger
Schrodingers equation has many solutions
Each solution is called a wave function (y) and is correlated to a specific amount of energy
Each wave function is more commonly called an orbital.

Orbitals
Each solution to Schrodingers equation describes a specific wave function (y) /orbital
The square of a wave function, (y)2, generates a probability distribution for an electron in that orbital
Also called an electron density map for a given orbital

Orbitals
Orbitals are regions in space where an electron is likely to be found
90% of the time the electron is within the boundaries described by the electron density map The exact path of an electron in a given orbital is not known!

Heisenberg
Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that we cannot know both the position and the momentum of an electron at the same time.
Therefore, we do not know the exact path of the electron in an orbital.

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Orbitals
Schrodingers equation and the associated electron density maps, allow us to describe the energy, size, and shape of orbitals.
The lowest energy solution to Sch..s equation for an electron in a hydrogen atom describes what is known as the 1s orbital.
See pages 306/307

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Describing Orbitals
Use quantum numbers to describe orbitals. A given orbital can be described by a set of 3 quantum numbers:
1. Principal quantum number (n) 2. Angular momentum quantum number (l) 3. Magnetic quantum number (ml)

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Principal Quantum Number (n)

(n) describes the size and energy of the oribital
Possible values: whole number integer
1, 2, 3,

As n increases so does the size and energy of the orbital

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Angular momentum quantum number (l)

(l) is related to the shape of the orbital
Possible values: (l) is an integer between 0 and n-1 Each (l) value is also assigned a letter designation

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Angular momentum quantum number (l)

(l) Value 0 1 Letter Designation s p

2
3

d
f
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n 1 2 3

Possible l values 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f

Designation

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Magnetic quantum number (ml)

(ml) is related to the orientation of the orbital in 3-D space
Possible values: - l to + l

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Magnetic quantum number (ml)

Consider the p orbitalit has an l value of 1 and thus the possible ml values are -1, 0, +1
These 3 ml values correspond to the 3 possible orientations of the p orbital

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Ml and Orbitals
l
0 (s) 1 (p)

ml
0 -1, 0, 1

# orbitals
1 3

2 (d)
3 (f)

-2, -1, 0, 1, 2
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

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Quantum Number Summary

See page 304 and board.
A set of 3 quantum numbers describes a specific orbital
Energy and size - n Shape - l Orientation ml

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4th Quantum Number!

A 4th quantum number was added to describe the spin on a given electron.
Called the electron spin quantum number - ms
Possible values: +1/2 and -1/2

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More on electron spin.

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons of opposite spin. Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

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Summary
Three quantum numbers describe a specific orbital
Energy and size, shape, and orientation

Four quantum numbers describe a specific electron in an atom

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7.9 Polyelectronic atoms

The Schrodinger model was based on H and works in principle for atoms with more than one electron.
The shapes and possible orientations of the hydrogen based orbitals holds true for polyelectronic atoms. However, the size and energy of the orbitals in polyelectronic atoms differ from those calculated for hydrogen.
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Polyelectronic Atoms
In general, find that in a given principal quantum number (n)
S is lower energy than p, which is lower energy than d..
s<p<d<f

Already know that 1s < 2s < 3s and 2p < 3p < 4p. (in terms of size and energy)

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7.11 The Aufbau Principle

Putting electrons in to orbitals
Aufbau means building up in German Electrons always enter the lowest energy orbital with room

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Hunds Rule
The orbitals of a given sublevel (e.g. p, or d, or f) are degenerate (of the same energy). The lowest energy state occurs with the maximum number of unpaired electrons.
Meaning..electrons enter an empty orbital of a given sublevel before pairing up.

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Goals
To be able to write for any atom:
Electron configuration Box/energy diagram Lewis dot symbol

State the quantum numbers for each electron in an atom. To relate the electron configuration of an atom to its location on the periodic table and its properties.
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Goals Elaborated
Electron configuration shows the number of electrons in each sublevel
Format: 1s22s22p4 or [He] 2s22p4

Box/energy diagram shows electrons as arrows and each orbital as a box. Electrons of opposite spin are indicated by up and down arrows.
Format:
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Goals Elaborated
Lewis Dot Symbol shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol for the atom
Maximum of 2 electrons per side of the symbol Valence electrons are all of the electrons in the highest occupied principle quantum level (n) Format:
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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s

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