MATERI I.

PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI

KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

MK : AGROFORESTRI

Sistem Kredit Semester (sks)

Sistem penyelenggaraan pendidikan :
beban studi MAHASISWA, beban kerja Dosen, dan beban PENYELENGGARAAN PROGRAM LEMBAGA

dinyatakan dalam satuan kredit semester (SKS) = Beban Kegiatan per minggu

Mahasiswa
50 menit kuliah 60 menit acara kegiatan akademik terstruktur (PR) 60 menit acara kegiatan mandiri (misalnya baca referensi)

Dosen
50 menit kuliah 60 menit perencanaan & evaluasi kegiatan akademik terstruktur 60 menit pengembangan materi kuliah

Alokasi Waktu bagi Mahasiswa

Mata Kuliah = AGROFORESTRI Sks = 3 (2/1) No 1 Kegiatan sks Alokasi waktu, jam/minggu 2 1 2 2

Tatap muka

Kuliah Tutorial / Praktikum Terstruktur Mandiri

Tugas

3 2

TOTAL

Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu : mengenali macam-macam agroforestri, mampu mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan tingkat kompleksitasnya, manfaatnya (ekonomi) bagi petani dan bagi lingkungan (plot & lansekap) memahami adanya interaksi pohon-tanah-tanaman dan mengetahui cara mengukur dan mengevaluasinya di lapangan memahami kendala-kendala yang ada di lapangan untuk mengimplementasikan agroforestri dan mengetahui kebijakan-kebijakan yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan praktek agroforestri

RENCANA PROGRAM & KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER

1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI 2. MACAM-MACAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRY DAN KLASIFIKASINYA 3. FUNGSI DAN PERAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRY PADA LANSEKAP & GLOBAL (3 TM) 4. PERAN AGROFORESTRI PADA SKALA PLOT 5. INTERAKSI ANTARA POHON DAN TANAMAN SEMUSIM ATAU TANAMAN LAINNYA (2 TM) 6. DOMESTIKASI POHON 7. KAJIAN ASPEK SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN BUDAYA AGROFORESTRI 8. PERANAN PENGETAHUAN EKOLOGI LOKAL DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI 9. KELEMBAGAAN DAN KEBIJAKAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI 10. PENGELOLAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM AGROFORESTRI 11. PROSPEK PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI DI INDONESIA

JADWAL & EVALUASI

No
1

Kegiatan Kuliah
KELAS A (Rabu GB 1.1 / 15.05-16.45) KELAS B (Jumat GB 3.3 /15.05-16.45)

Nilai (%)
70

Tutorial/ Praktikum
KELAS A (Selasa FP 3.5 /15.05-16.45) KELAS B (Rabu GB 2.2 / 15.05-16.45)

30

TOTAL

100

MK. AGROFORESTRI GANJIL 2012-2013

Dosen : Ir. Widianto, M.Sc.

MATERI 1. PENGANTAR AGROFORESTRI

PENGERTIAN & KONSEP AGROFORESTRI SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

TAPAK EKOLOGI

AGROFORESTRY
a sustainable natural resource management approach
Kurniatun Hairiah

(Sumber: Joshi et al., 2007)

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea

 Pengertian Agroforestri Contoh-contoh agroforestri yang ada di Indonesia Evolusi system agroforestri dan prosesproses yang terjadi Keuntungan, kendala, potensi dan peluangnya bagi petani maupun pemerintah (SWOT analysis).

AGROFORESTRI
Arti sederhana (Nair, 1993)
Menanam pohon di lahan pertanian

Meningkatkan pendapatan petani

Konservasi tanah

W HAT IS AGROFORESTRY ( WANATANI )?

integrating trees with agriculture and/or livestockover time and/or in space

Land-use management that combines trees with crops and/or livestock for optimal biophysical interactions to yield physical, biological, ecological, economic, and/or social benefits

Agroforestry
Any system which incorporates planting or

encouragement of trees on land where crops and/or animals are raised in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. A dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees in farmland and rangeland, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels. Economic and ecological interactions between trees and other components of the system.

Food, fruits, fodder Timber and NTFP

Carbon storage Aesthetic value Above-ground biodiversity

Tree cover moderates temperatures Fertile top-soil Leaf litter layer Intact soil profile Leguminous trees fix N Below-ground biodiversity Tree roots as water and nutrient pumps Water filter and storage

Good agroforestry: putting the right tree at the right place

Trees for Products

fruit

firewood

medicine

income

sawn wood

fodder

Trees for Services

Environmental services

soil fertility

soil erosion

shade

watershed protection

biodiversity

carbon sequestration

Kebijakan dan institusi Kenyataan di landscape

Hutan
Konservasi Proteksi Produksi deforestasi

Hutan

Kompleks

Perkebunan

Perkebunan
Tanaman tahunan Ladang Sawah

Wanatani

fungsi lingkungan menurun

Lahan pertanian

sederhana

Pertanian intensif

Integrated landscape
Agroforest

Hutan alami

padi Agroforestri sederhana

padi

Lansekap di Krui (Lampung Barat) less patchy

Models of Agroforestry
Simple: Association of a small number of components:
few tree species (<5) One or more annual semiperennial crops

Complex: - Association of many species (tree, shrubs, liana and herbs) - Functions and structure close to natural forest ecosystem
Traditional: Farmer developed and locally adapted

Modern: Promoted from outside

Ngantang, Kab Malang

(Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah)

Sumenep Foto: Widianto

Agroforestri = alley cropping = budidaya pagar ?

Plot perc. Lampung Utara

Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah

A natural forest or complex agroforest?

E VOLUTION OF AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEM

B Human migration

2 3 People

Imperata

A. Forest margin

C. Imperata fire climax D. Imperata rehabilitation via Agroforestry

B. Shorter fallows ==>soil degradation

In-situ grafting and local knowledge of sisipan

Indigenous vegetables and medicinal plants

Products for sale

Organic farming

A GROFORESTRY FOR L IVELIHOODS

Womens handicrafts Education and awareness

Improved food crop

Integrating livestock

VALUE

OF TREE - BASED SYSTEMS

Multiple products: timbers, fruits, etc

Homeuse & Market Sale

Livelihoods & Society Needs Environmental Services Reforestation & Land Rehabilitation

W EAKNESS

OF

A GROFORESTRY

(in area of constant size)

120 100 80 60 40

N of species

20 40% of forest species will not survive in the agroforest environment

20
Extraction Agroforestry Extensive Agriculture Intensive Agriculture

Intensity of Human Activity

P ROFITABLE BUT ECONOMIC RISKS & BARRIERS

1.

Key Bottlenecks

Terminology linked to land tenure & land use restrictions Limited awareness of and access to quality planting material

2.

3.
4. 5.

Limited tree management skills

Restricted access to markets for tree products Lack of reward mechanisms for environmental services provided

B OTTLENECK 1. T ERMINOLOGY
Reality Land classification restrict use options Paradoxes - Forest lands without trees - Tree-ed lands that are not forests - Some woody perennials not trees Landscapes level integrated (multifunctional) agroforestry

LIMITED LAND

TENURE

&

LAND USE

Q UALITY
Reality

B OTTLENECK 2. P LANTING M ATERIAL

Seed shortage: quality & quantity

Lack access to quality germplasm

Use poor quality seed lack awareness Poor seed and nursery management A few Exotics Species promoted

T REE

B OTTLENECK 3. M ANAGEMENT S KILLS

Reality

Diverse, multispecies, agrointegrated Traditional managment extensive, not intensive Species selection, spacing by chance Management frequently limited to harvested Farmers Not sure where to focus Limited quality and small quantity products

Survey Results Nanggung 0.5 hectare farm 20 market crops most of the crops not intensely managed 73% are farmers 32% of income from agriculture

B OTTLENECK 4: M ARKET
Characteristics Low quality and quantity of product No access to market Smallinformation Market Researcher scale agents (Facilitator) Limited commercial farmers skills Low quality of inputs Objective Insecure market for Develop farmers-agents produce linkages Limited access Assist in improving current to extension
marketing practices/production systems

ACCESS

Characteristics Limited number of buyers Problem with quality, quantity, timeliness, time-consuming to deal with farmers Very good access to market Information Usually have good commercial skills Few have tried to develop partnership with farmers

Not just a problem for farmers also a challenge for the private sector

Roles for: farmers, private sector, 3rd parties

Questions of:

B OTTLENECK 5: L ACK OF R EWARDS FOR E NVIRONMENTAL S ERVICES

Without rewards off-farm benefits & costs - externalities Attributing actions to providers and users Who pays, who benefits Additionality Landuse change is normal business as normal ?? Transaction costs Opportunity costs (value of non-tree uses)

S MALLHOLDER

TREE - BASED SYSTEMS

local livelihood, commercial products, & public environmental goals

Enhance food security reduced vulnerability complementary with natural forests & plantations Increasingly important as area of natural forests decrease

To support smallholder tree-based systems

Conducive policies Clear land/tree tenure Quality germplasm

Tree management skills

Market access Incentives for environmental services

KULIAH

T UGAS T ERSTRUKTUR I T UGAS I NDIVIDU

1. Baca Lecture Note AF 1 dan buat ringkasan (maksimal 2 halaman A4)
Ref : Kurniatun Hairiah, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Sambas Sabarnurdin. 2003. Pengantar Agroforestri. Bahan Ajaran 1 (LN0001-04.PDF)

Carilah definisi-definisi tentang agroforestri dari berbagai literatur, kemudian buatlah ringkasannya !
Setelah membaca dan memahami berbagai definisi tadi, susunlah dengan kalimat sendiri definisi agroforestri menurut pemahaman anda dan

2. Jelaskan perbedaan AF dengan sistem lain (Hutan dan perkebunan) !

TUTORIAL

T UGAS T ERSTRUKTUR I DISKUSI KELOMPOK

1. Kunjungi satu lahan petani yang mengusahakan sistem agroforestri. Silahkan kenali (ambil gambar/ foto) dan diskusikan dengan petani serta teman sekelompok tentang : a) Tahapan pendirian agroforestri, komponen penyusun agroforestri dan pengaturannya dalam lahan b) Pola kepemilikan atas lahan dan tanaman/pepohonan c) Keuntungan dan kendala-kendala yang ada dalam mengusahakan agroforestri baik ditinjau dari segi biofisik (teknik) maupun dari segi ekonomi. 2. Bandingkan dengan contoh-contoh agroforestri dari hasil kunjungan kelompok lainnya . Adakah persamaan dan perbedaan dari sistem agroforestri yang diamati? JELASKAN Mana yang termasuk agroforestri sederhana dan mana yang kompleks ?

T UGAS T ERSTRUKTUR I DISKUSI K ELOMPOK

Buatlah catatan ringkas dari hasil diskusi ini dan diserahkan sebagai bagian penilaian paling lambat pada HARI KAMIS, 13 SEPTEMBER 2012 Diskusi kelas Pembahasan Tugas dan Hasil kunjungan lapangan dilanjutkan pada Jam Tutorial

TERIMAKASIH