Physics Unit 1: Motion in One Dimension

Motion
Kinematics in One Dimension

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Physics Unit 1: Motion in One Dimension

Unit Objectives/Lessons
Students will be able to
1. One Dimensional (1-D) Kinematic quantities and relationships; solve basic 1-D motion problems Displacement and Velocity quantities and relationships Acceleration quantities and relationships 2. 1-D Motion by Graphical Means using linear motion graphs: displacement (d) vs. time (t) and velocity (v) vs. time (t) 3. Free Falling body kinematics using primary kinematic equations 4. 1-D Motion by Algebraic Means using primary kinematic equations
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Physics Unit 1: Motion in One Dimension Kinematics

Science of describing the motion of objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations

Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Lesson Objectives Students will be able to Understand the 1-D Kinematic concepts of displacement, time, velocity and acceleration Understand scalars and vectors as measurement quantities Solve basic 1-D motion equations

Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Scalar vs. Vector measurement quantities scalar: have magnitude (value), but no direction.
Examples: time, mass, distance. Mass has a number value (like 58 kg), but we don't give it a direction (like East).

vector: have magnitude and direction

Examples: velocity, force, displacement. Force has a magnitude (like 37 N) and a direction (like "pushed to the left").
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement and Time Essential information needed to describe the motion of an object Displacement of an object is always measured from some reference point - usually zero as the motions starting point

Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance

Distance is a scalar quantity which refers to "how much

ground an object has covered" during its motion.

Displacement is a vector quantity which refers to "how

far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall change in position.

Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance

A
Distance ? Displacement ?
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance Example 1

Set Up Table Time, Distance & Displacement

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance Simple formula for calculating the displacement of an object is d = df - di symbol is the Greek letter delta and means a change in Subscript f and i stand for final and initial
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance

Example 2: A truck going east passes a mark on the

road that says 150m, and then passes another one 10s later that says 450m. Determine the trucks displacement during the 10s period.

d = df - di =

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Displacement vs. Distance Example 3: You start walking home from school. After
walking 1.5 km East, you get a phone call from your mom asking if you can meet her at the mall. You will have to turn around and walk 2.3 km West. Determine your distance and displacement to get to the mall.
Distance = Displacement =
Do Worksheet Problems Distance & Displacement
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Velocity vs. Speed

Speed is a scalar and refers to how fast an object is

moving. e.g. we drove at 65 km/hr.

Velocity is a vector and refers to "the rate at which an

object changes its position. e.g. we drove at 65 km/hr east.

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Velocity
This leads to the first major formula, the calculation of average velocity:

d v avg t

vavg d t

= average velocity (m/s) = df - di = displacement (m) = tf - ti = time (s)

Why is this considered the average velocity?

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Velocity Example 4: I try to run the 100m race to break the
world's record. Unfortunately, it takes me 16.83s to complete the run. Determine my average velocity.

v avg

d t

This is my average velocity. What was my speed? Was is constant for 100m?
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Velocity Example 5

Set Up Table Time, Speed & Velocity

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Velocity
Note that in the example, the displacement and the velocity were positive numbers. Positive and negative tell you direction with respect to the reference point (these are vectors!)
Positive velocity means you are moving forward, to the right, or up, while negative means you are going backwards, to the left, or down
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Velocity

Example 6: Look back at Example 3. Determine your

speed and velocity if the walk took you one hour and ten minutes. Use standard units and the correct sig digs. speed =

velocity =

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Uniform Motion

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Uniform Motion

Assume object is moving at the same velocity the whole time. If velocity is always the same, it has a constant velocity - the object is not accelerating Also call this uniform motion Uniform motion is the easiest kind of motion to describe and measure

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Instantaneous Velocity

In real life we often have to deal with an object traveling without uniform velocity. An example is driving with a friend in a car.
Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at one moment of time
Do Worksheet Problems Speed & Velocity
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Acceleration

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro Acceleration

Acceleration: - describes the change in velocity over time - it is a vector magnitude and direction.
In real life we typically deal with an object traveling without uniform velocity. An example is driving with a friend in a car.
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Acceleration

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Acceleration
This leads to the second major formula, the calculation of average acceleration:

v a avg t

aavg v t

= average acceleration (m/s2) = vf - vi = velocity (m/s) = tf - ti = time (s)

Why is this considered the average acceleration?

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Average Acceleration

Example 6: A car moving at 50km/h accelerates to 60km/h in 7.0 seconds. Determine its acceleration.

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Negative Acceleration
In physics, acceleration is not always an increase in velocity. It can also be a decrease in velocity.

Since acceleration is a vector, it has direction

We call a decrease in velocity of an object traveling forward a negative acceleration

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Negative Acceleration
The general RULE OF THUMB is: If an object is slowing down, then its acceleration is in the opposite direction of its motion.

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Negative Acceleration

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Negative Acceleration

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Negative Acceleration

Example 7: You are walking down the street when

you see an enormous, 112kg pickle rolling towards you at 12 m/s. Surprised, you jump in front of it and begin pushing on it until you finally bring it to a stop 17.5s later. Determine the acceleration of the pickle.

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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Instantaneous Acceleration

In real life we often have to deal with an object traveling without uniform acceleration. An example is driving with a friend in a car.
Instantaneous Acceleration is the acceleration of an object at one moment of time
Do Worksheet Problems - Acceleration
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Physics Lesson 1: 1-D Kinematics Intro

Summary
Vocabulary: - Displacement - Average velocity - Instantaneous velocity - Initial & Final velocity - Uniform motion - Average acceleration - Instantaneous acceleration - Vector & scalar Formulas:

d = df - di

d v avg t

v a avg t
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