DEFINITION

Device used to transfer energy from primary

winding to secondary winding by electromagnetic induction. Based on Faradays Law of induction

where:

= EMF (V)
B = Magnetic flux (Wb)

TRANSFORMER USES
Impedance matching
Electrical Isolation AC power transmission
STEP-UP

Transformer Transformer

STEP-DOWN

HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the Induction

Ring.
1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs exhibited a

device called secondary generator.

1885 William Stanley developed the fist

commercially used practical device while working for Westinghouse Electric Company in US.

INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based on Faradays

Law of Induction

Where:-

= EMF (V)
N = No of turns of wire B = Magnetic flux (Wb)

INDUCTION THEORY

TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) + Vp(t) Vs(t) Np Ns is(t) +

Np = No of windings on the primary ip = Current into the primary Vp = Voltage across the primary

Ns = No of windings on the secondary is = Current out from the secondary Vs = Voltage across the secondary

Primary and Secondary Relationship

VP = NP = a = iS VS NS iP Note; a < 1 = Step up transformer a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT affected hence, P = S =

LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses

must come into consideration.

Copper

losses (I2R)

Leakage Core

Flux losses

losses

Eddy currents
Hysteresis losses

REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES

ip(t) Rp Lp Ls is(t) Rs

Vp(t)

Rc

jXm Np

Ns

Vs(t)

Copper losses (I R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses

Eddy currents Hysteresis losses

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp Is/a Reqp

Vp

Rc

jXm

aVs

Approximate Transformer Model referred to the primary side

TYPES
1. Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a

small amount. For example: 120/132 V

IH VSE
+ +

ISE NSE VH NC
-

IL

VL
-

TYPES
2. Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers can be constructed in two different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists of three single phase transformers. 2. Three windings wrapped around a common core.

TYPES

Two types of special purpose transformers used in power systems for taking measurements.

Potential Transformer Current Transformer

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses

PIN = VPIP cos P POUT = VSIS cos S PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS Ideal = 100%

Efficiency for a single phase real transformer

As mentioned previously, losses occur in a real transformer and these losses must be taken into count. Hence, Real = POUT x 100% PIN = POUT x 100% POUT + PLOSS = VSIS cos S_________ VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2 RC

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to VO at full load.

An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation, VR = 0%

Group Members
NAME Md. Shadab Khan Abhishek Kr. Roy Ankit Osta ROLL NO. 09o104058 090104004 090104018