Numerical Investigation of Reynolds number effect on Lock-in Ability of an Aeroacoustic Field in Ducted Flows

Cristina Paduano Dr.Craig Meskell

Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Trinity College Dublin

Aeroacoustic Resonance Overview

Noise intensification It can occur when a Gas Flow in a duct/cavity exhibits Periodic Vortices
HYDRODYNAMIC Vortex shedding at acoustic frequency = Vortex shedding Duct acoustic mode

flow

Tonal noise
is emitted
Vortex shedding frequency

Off resonance

LOCK-IN

Off resonance

NOISE SELF-SUSTAINS and ENHANCES

Flow velocity

Physics behind the phenomenon

Aeroacoustic resonance

Flow induces an Acoustic field

Flow-Acoustics exchange energy

Howes reformulation of Lightills analogy

Vorticity as a source of sound
Homogeneous Wave Equation Source of Sound
Vortices need to deform(interactimpact body) Unbalanced Sound: flow compresses and decompresses ()

1 2 = 2 2

Physics behind the phenomenon

Aeroacoustic resonance

Flow induces an Acoustic field

Flow-Acoustics exchange energy

Howes Integral
Acoustic power, localisation of sources

= 0
+ : :

* +
Velocity Acoustic particles velocity

Vorticity

Motivation
Aeroacoustic resonance

Flow induces an Acoustic field

Flow-Acoustics exchange energy

Vortex shedding frequency

LOCK- IN
Not organized vortices Organized vortices Not organized vortices

Flow velocity

Low pressure vortices

Low energy induced acoustics

Acoustic pressures << flow pressures

HOW THE ACOUSTIC FIELD INITIATES RESONANCE ?

Aeroacoustic Resonance behavior

Pressure measurements (heat exchanger)
2000

140 dB
1500

PROBLEM OF NOISE ,VIBRATIONS (FATIGUE FAILURE) UPPER LIMIT TO THE PRACTICABLE FLOW VELOCITIES ACROSS A SYSTEM (REDUCED EFFICIENCY)

P a (Pa)

1000

500

10

15

20

25

30

V (m/s)

Velocity measurements (heat exchanger)

500

UNPREDICTABLE VELOCITY EXTENTS OF LOCK IN RANGE UNKNOWN

Frequency (Hz)

400 300 200 100 0

10

15

20

25

30

V (m/s)

NO TOOLS AVAILABLE TO DESIGN AGAINST AEROACOUSTIC RESONANCE

An industrial design concern

Heat exchangers Corrugated pipes Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning systems (HVAC) Aircrafts Environmental Control Systems (ECS) Aircrafts cavities
Sound wave propagation Sound wave propagation flow

Our research: Two cylinders in cross flow

Test cases for resonance

Cylinders in cross flow : good model for aeroacoustic resonance of ducted flows Flow separation Flow instabilities Vortex shedding (well known) Minimal 3D effects if cylinder is long (Length > >Diameter)
TYPICAL OF NOISE GENERATING FLOWS

Cylinders Pitch L/D L

flow D

Conditions for resonance

CONDITIONS for RESONANCE

Lock-in map (EXPERIMENTAL DATA)

Amplitude of the acoustic wave Frequency of vortex shedding approaches natural frequency of duct/cavity
OUR RESEARCH: REYNOLDS NUMBER HAS AN EFFECT ON LOCK-IN! (Hall, Ziada, Weaver data -2003)

CFD simulation of resonance

Hydrodynamic Analogy (Tan ,Thompson, Hourigan-2003)

Uacs=Asin(2fat)

TRASVERSAL ACOUSTIC WAVE replaced by the Flow OSCILLATION which it causes RESONANCE: fa chosen to be in LOCK-IN ratio with fv
ACOUSTICS IS COMPRESSIBLE

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW (uRANS, SST)

OSCILLATING VELOCITY (BOUNDARY CONDITION)

Hydrodynamic analogy response: Lock-in maps

NUMERICAL LOCK-IN MAP

EXPERIMENTAL LOCK-IN MAP

(Mohany and Ziada data-2009)-Single cylinder

(Hall, Ziada, Weaver data -2003)

(Reyes,Finnegan, Meskell data -2010)-Two cylinders L/D=2.5

Simulations parameters
12 flow velocities
(from 12m/s to 40m/s) Reynolds n.10000-36000

fv
Pre-coinc. resonance

Flows excitation: Uacs=Asin(2fat)

fa=1.2 fv
Coinc. resonance

fa=0.85 fv

A=10% V
Vortex shedding frequency

inlet

= .

= . =1

Flow velocity

Vortex shedding frequencies

Each simulation has shown a clear vortex shedding (example v=12 m/s )

Oscillating Lift (verse changes at each shed )

FFT of oscillating of the downstream cylinder

Strouhal simulated against experimental

STROUHAL n. of 0.18 similar to experimental one (Finnegan, Ziada,Meskell-2010)

CONSIDERATIONS: Simulated Strouhal higher (20%) Model is 2D No boundaries Experiments in wind tunnel (side walls effects)

Results pre-coincidence = .2
Acoustic frequencies Vortex shedding frequencies

Excitation frequency = 1.2 Acoustics has LOCKED the frequency of vortex shedding JUST for simulations run at Reynolds above 27000

Pressure, Pascals

Results coincidence = .
Acoustic frequencies Vortex shedding frequencies

Excitation frequency = 0.85 Acoustics has LOCKED the frequency of vortex shedding JUST for simulations run at Reynolds above 27000

Pressure, Pascals

Reynolds number dependency of Lock-in

PreCoincidence / =1.2
Pressure, Pascals

Coincidence / =0.85
Pressure, Pascals

Lock-in map at Reynolds 27000

NUMERICAL LOCK-IN MAP
Lock-in map of tandem cylinders obtained numerically well compare with the experimental one(L/D=2.5)

EXPERIMENTAL LOCK-IN MAP

(Hall, Ziada, Weaver data -2003)

LOCK-IN and Velocity contours

Normalized velocity WITHOUT EXCITATION Normalized velocity case NOT LOCKED IN (Re=10000)

% V inlet

% V inlet

Normalized velocity WITHOUT EXCITATION

Normalized velocity case LOCKED IN (Re=36000)

% V inlet

% V inlet

Conclusions
Pressure, Pascals

HOW THE ACOUSTIC FIELD INITIATES RESONANCE ?

Condition for resonance : Frequency ratio Amplitude

Lock-in

Lock-in only occurred at the higher Reynolds n.(above 27000) for both precoincidence and coincidence situations Vorticity appears to be reduced in the 2D model at lock-in Higher Reynolds n. (turbulence higher, flow stronger) flow more prone to be controlled by acoustics ? Could Turbulence be a source of energy for the Acoustic field?