SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RCC FRAMED STRUCTURES BY STATIC ANALYSIS METHOD AND DETAILING PROCEDURE

1Prasanta

Kumar Tripathy, MIE,Asst. Engineer(Works Department,GoO) 2Akshay Kumar Sahoo, AIE ,Asst. Engineer(Works

INTRODUCTION:
India witnessed many large earthquakes in the last century resulting in heavy loss of life and property. The recent Bhuj earthquake in January 2001 was a large one and of magnitude 7.7 in Richter scale. It is essential to have an idea about basic seismology i.e. internal structure and behavior of earth with regard to earthquake phenomenon. It has become highly essential for major constructions to be designed for earthquake force on the basis of IS-1893-2002. Earthquake resistant reinforced concrete buildings should be designed to resist anticipated seismic forces. The structure must satisfy safety and serviceability conditions in order to resist expected loadings. It is necessary to understand the behavior of materials like concrete and steel under seismic loading. In order to resist the earthquake the structure must have adequate ductility in order to dissipate the energy through inelastic deformation. It is also essential to provide adequate detailing of reinforcement in members of a structure as per IS 13920-1993, so that the structure can safely respond to strong ground motion. An overview on Earthquake Basic , calculation of design seismic force on RCC framed structure by Static Analysis Method and ductile detailing as per IS 139201993 is narrated in this paper.

Points of Discussions
Design seismic forces

Ductile detailing procedure

EQ basics,Terminology Seismic Waves Behaviour of seismic waves Seismic zones of India Analysis of seismic forces as per IS:1893(Static method)

Necessity of ductile structure Indian Standard codes for the purpose General specifications as per IS:139201993,IS:4326 Important Reinforcement sketches from IS:13920-1993

EARTHQUAKE: BASIC TERMINOLOGY

Focus is a point on the fault where slip starts. Epicenter is a point just above the focus on the ground. Epicentral Distance is the distance of place of interest from epicenter on ground. Most of the damaging earthquakes have shallow focus with focal depths less than about 70km. The earthquakes (of small sizes) occurring after the big earthquake (Main shock) are called Aftershocks.

EARTHQUAKE: SEISMIC WAVES

Strain energy released due to movement of rocks in the Fault plane generates seismic waves which moves in all directions and undergoes reflections & refractions at various elastic layer interfaces.

Seismic Waves: A) Body waves B) Surface Waves Body Waves waves) Waves) 1) Primary waves (P2) Secondary Waves (S-

Surface Waves: 3) Rayleigh waves 4) Loves Waves

Seismic Zones in India

Zone-II(Zone-I merged with Zone-II) Zone-III Zone-IV Zone-V

Calculation of Design Seismic Force by Static Analysis Method

Problem Statement:
Consider a four-storey reinforced concrete office building shown in Fig. 1.1. The building is located in seismic zone III . The soil conditions are medium stiff and the entire building is supported on a raft foundation. The R. C. frames are infilled with brickmasonry. The lumped weight due to dead loads is 9.00 kN/m2 on floors and 7.00 kN/m2 on the roof. The floors are to cater for a live load of 4 kN/m2 on floors and 1.5 kN/m2 on the roof. Determine design seismic load on the structure as per new code.

Y 3 @ 5.00 M

X 4 @ 5.00 M PLAN

ELEVATION

Solution:
Design Parameters:
For seismic zone III the zone factor Z is 0.16 (Table 2 of IS: 1893). Being an office building,the importance factor, I, is 1.0 (Table 6 of IS:1893). Building is required to be provided with moment resisting frames detailed as per IS:13920-1993. Hence, the response reduction factor, R, is 5. (Table 7 of IS: 1893 Part 1)

Seismic Weights: The floor area is 1520=300 sq. m. Dead load is 9.00 KN/sqm including brick load. Since the live load class is 4kN/sq.m, only 50% of the live load is lumped at the floors. At roof, no live load is to be lumped. Hence, the total seismic weight on the floors and the roof is:
Floors:

W1=W2 =W3 =300(9+0.54)= 3,300 kN, Roof:W4 = 3007=2100 kN (clause7.3.1, Table 8 of IS: 1893 Part 1)
Total Seismic weight of the structure, W = Wi = 33,300 + 21,00 = 12,000 kN Fundamental Period: Lateral load resistance is provided by moment resisting frames in filled with brick masonry panels. Hence, approximate fundamental natural period: (Clause 7.6.2. of IS: 1893 Part 1)

SOLUTION CONTINUED..
EL in X-Direction: T = 0.09h / d = 0.09(13.8) / 20 = 0.28 sec The building is located on Type II (medium soil).From Fig. 2 of IS: 1893, for T=0.28 sec, Sa/g =2.5 Ah =(Z/2) x (I/R)x( Sa/g) = (0.16x1x2.5)/ (2x5) = 0.04 (Clause 6.4.2 of IS: 1893 Part 1) Design base shear V B = A h W = 0.04 12,000= 480 kN (Clause 7.5.3 of IS: 1893 Part 1)

EL in Y-Direction: T = 0.09h/ d= 0.09(13.8) / 15= 0.32 sec Sa/g =2.5 Ah = 0.04 Therefore, for this building the design seismic force in Y-direction is same as that in the X direction. Fig. 1.2(b) shows the design seismic force on the building in the Y-direction.

Table 1.1 Lateral Load Distribution with Height by the Static Method

Storey Level

Wi(kN)

hi(m)

Wihi 2 x(1000)

Wihi2

Lateral force in ith level for EL in direction in (KN)

Wihi

X direction

Y direction

2100

13.8

399.92

0.396

191.00

191.00

3300

10.6

370.78

0.367

177.00

177.00

3300

7.4

180.70

0.178

86.00

86.00

3300

4.2

58.21

0.057

26.00

26.00

1009.61

1000

480.00

480.00

SOLUTION CONTINUED
Force Distribution with Building Height:

The design base shear is to be distributed with height as per clause 7.7.1. Table 1.1 gives the calculations. Fig. 1.2(a) shows the design seismic force in X-direction for the entire building.

191 KN 177 KN 86 KN 26 KN

191 KN 177 KN 86 KN 26 KN

Fig 1-2(a)

Fig 1-2(b)

Ductile Detailing in RCC structure

Purpose: The main structural elements and their connection shall be designed to have a ductile failure. This will enable the structure to absorb energy during earthquakes to avoid sudden collapse of the structure. Providing reinforcing steel in masonry at critical sections, as provided in this standard will not only increase strength and stability but also ductility. Relevant Codes : I.S.: 13920-1993 has taken note of latest developments, experiences gained from the performance of structures which were designed and detailed as per I.S. 4326, during the recent earthquakes. It covers provisions for earthquake resistant design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures in particular. (as such it includes provisions of I.S. 4326 also) Now all ductility detailing shall comply I.S.: 13920. I.S. 4326 , The code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of building, while commenting on certain special features for the design and construction of earthquake resistant buildings, included some details for achieving ductility in reinforced concrete buildings.

Some important clause of IS:13920-1993

CLAUSE1.1.1 Provisions of this code shall be adopted in all reinforced concrete Structures which satisfy one of the following 4 conditions. (i) The structure is located in seismic zone IV or V. (ii) The structure is located in Seismic Zone III and has importance factor (I) greater than 1.0. (iii) The structure is located in Seismic Zone III and is an industrial structure. (iv) The structure is located in Seismic Zone III and is more than 5 storeys. Clause 3.4 : Hoop- It is closed stirrup having a 135 degree hook with 10 diameter extension (but not less than 75 mm ) at each end that is embedded in the confined core of the section . Clause 5.2 : For all buildings which are more than 3 storeys in height the minimum grade of concrete shall be M20. Clause 5.3 : Steel reinforcement of grade Fe 415 or less only shall be used . Clause 6:For flexural members 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 The factored axial stress on the member under earthquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 fck. The member shall have a width to depth ratio of more than 0.3 Width of flexural member not less than 200mm. Depth if member not less than 0.25 of the clear span .

Some important clause of IS:13920-1993

Clause 6.2 Longitudinal reinforcement :
6.2.1 (a) At least two bars at top and two bars at bottom shall be provided through out the member length . (b) The tension steel ratio on any fact at any section shall not be less than Rho (min)= 0.24 [(square root of fck)/fy] . 6.2.2 The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section shall be not exceed Rho(max) = 0.025. 6.2.3 The positive steel at joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel at that face. 6.2.4 The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the member at any section along its length shall be at least equal to one fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided at the face of either joint . 6.2.5 In an external joint both the top and bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with anchorage length beyond the inner face of column equal to development length in tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90 degree bends (s) In an internal joint, both face bars of the beam shall be taken continuously through the column. 6.2.6 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire splice length at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm.The lap length shall not be less than the bar development length in tension. Lap splices shall not be provided

(a)

Within joint. (b) Within a distance of 2 d from joint face and (c) Within a quarter length of member where flexural yielding may generally occur under the effect of earthquake forces . Not more than 50 percent of bars shall be spliced at one section .

Some important clauses of IS:139301993(contd)

6.3.5 The spacing of hoops over a length of 2 d at either end of a beam shall not exceed. a)d/4. and b) 8x dia of smallest bar ,But not less than 100 mm. The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face. Vertical hoops at the same spacing as above shall also be provided over a length equal to 2 d on either side of a section where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of seismic forces . Elsewhere the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spacing not exceeding d/2.

Clause 7 Columns subjected to bending and axial load.

7.1.1 These requirement apply to columns which have factored axial force in excess of (0.1 fck) under the effect of earthquake forces. 7.1.2 The minimum dimension of column shall be 200 mm . However where in frames where beams have c/c span exceeding 5m, or column having unsupported length exceeds 4m the shortest dimension shall not be less than 300 mm. 7.1.3 The ratio of shortest dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall be preferably NOT less than 0.4. Clause 7.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement 7.2.1 Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of the member length.Itshould be proportioned as a tension splice .Hoops hall be provided over entire the splice length at spacing not exceeding 150 mm center to center . Not more than 50 percent of bars shall be spliced at one section. 7.2.2 Any area of column that extends more than 100 mm beyond the confined core due to Architectural requirements shall be detailed in the matter . In case of the contribution of the area to strength has been considered then it will have the minimum longitudinal and transverse reinforcement asper this code . However if this area has been treated as non structural the minimum reinforcement shall be

Some important clauses of IS:13930-1993(contd)

Clause 7.3 Transverse Reinforcement
7.3.2 The spacing of rectangular hoops shall not be more than 300 mm c/c .If the length of any side of stirrup , exceeds 300 mm a cross tie shall be provided or a pair of overlapping hoops may be provided. Clause 7.4 Special Confining Reinforcement 7.4.1 This shall be provided over a length of (lo) from each joint face towards mid span on either side of any section lo shall not be less than (a) larger lateral dimension of the member . (b) 1/6 of clear span of member and (c) 450 mm. 7.4.2 When a column terminates in to a footing or mat special confining reinforcement shall extended at least 300 mm in to the footing or mat. 7.4.3 The spacing of hoops used as a special confining reinforcement shall not exceed of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.
7.4.4 The minimum area of cross section of bar forming circular hoops or spiral to be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than Ash = .09 S Dk (fck/fy) [(Ag/Ak) -1.0]
Where Ash = area of the bar cross section . S = Pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops. Dk = diameter of core measured to the outside of spiral or hoop . Fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube . Fy = yield stress of (spiral/ hoop ) steel Ag = gross area of column cross section . Ak = area of concrete core should not exceed 300mm

Some important clauses of IS:139301993(contd)

7.4.8 The area of cross section Ash of the bar forming rectangular hoop to be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than Ash = 0.18 S.h. (fck/fy) [(Ag/Ak) -1.0] Where H = longer dimension of rectangular hoop. Ak = Area of concrete core in the rectangular hoop measured to its outside dimensions.

Clause 8 Joints of frames

8.1 The special confining reinforcement as required at the end of column shall be provided through the joint is confined as specified by 8.2 8.2 A joint, which has beams framing in to all vertical faces of it and where each beam which is at least of the column width, may be provided with half the special confining reinforcement required at the end of column. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed 150 mm.

Ductile Detailing Sketches confirming to IS:13920

Ductile Detailing Sketches confirming to IS:13920

Ductile Detailing Sketches confirming to IS:13920

Ductile Detailing Sketches confirming to IS:13920

Ductile Detailing Sketches confirming to IS:13920

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Dos and Dont of reinforcement detailing of RCC members

Conclusion

After distribution of base shear on different storeys , the frame is anlysed using portal frame method and final moment and shear on the vertical and horizontal members can be found out . The RCC members can be designed for critical load combination as per IS456. The detailing for the RCC members shall be done as as per IS:13920-1993.

References :

Reinforced Concrete , Limit State Design by A.K.Jain Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures IS 1893(part-I) 2002 Ductile Detailing of RCC structures subjected to seismic forces IS 13920 :1993 Earthquake TIPs by CVR Murty Reinforcement detailing of RCC members by Er.T.Rangarajan