Prepared By:Parvshree Roll No.

37

 An

image is a two-dimensional picture, that has a similar appearance to some subject usually a physical object or a person. An Image in broader sense is any twodimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart. In this wider sense, images can also be rendered manually, such as by drawing, painting, carving.

A volatile image is one that exists only for a short period of time. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror,or a scene displayed on a cathode ray tube. A fixed image, also called a hard copy, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as paper. A digital image is a numeric representation of a two-dimensional image. Depending on whether or not the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type but the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images also called bitmap images.

 Photographic

Image:-It includes all types of photographs brought into the computer using digital photography or scanned from photograph. Clip Arts:-Pictures that are drawn directly in the computers.Packages like the Fractual design painter and Adobe Illustrator are used. 3-D Graphic Images:-Images that are developed using high end s/w packages for specific purpose of the project.

 Raster

Images:-It is a technique of dividing the entire image area into pixels and record the image data as which color is to be displayed in which dot.This type of storing image data is called Raster Imaging.If you enlarge such pictures,you can see each rectangular pixel that makes up the image.

 Almost

all kinds of images-photographs, digital-drawings,clip arts etc can be stored as raster image data. It is difficult to modify the graphics once developed.To change even a small curve literally every pixel has to be erased and redrawn. Since every pixel in the image has to be stored as data so, generally the file sizes are very high.

Vector Images:-These are based on drawing elements such as lines, rectangles,circles.Arcs and curves that make up the ultimate image and store them as group of such elements. Such technique of storing image data is known as Vector Imaging. Vector images are stored as a series of commands that defines the individual objects.For eg. Line:line (x1,y1,x2,y2,color)

 Modification

of graphics can be done after they have been drawn.

vector graphics are stored as codes of lines and curves,they take up much lesser space.

Since

Not

all types of images can be stored as vector graphics particularly irregular images.

 Computer

image color ranges from simple black and white to millions of colors.The use of color in multimedia depends on 2 factors: 1)The subject or content of the image. 2)The technical capability of cmp h/w and s/w. Computer color is based on adjusting combinations of primary colors: Red,Green,Blue(RGB).

 Image

file sizeexpressed as the number of bytesincreases with the number of pixels composing an image, and the colour depth of the pixels. The greater the number of rows and columns, the greater the image resolution, and the larger the file. Also, each pixel of an image increases in size when its colour depth increasesan 8-bit pixel (1 byte) stores 256 colors, a 24-bit pixel (3 bytes) stores 16 million colors, the latter known as truecolor.

It uses algorithms to decrease the size of a file. High resolution cameras produce large image files, ranging from hundreds of kilobytes to megabytes.For example, an image recorded by a 12 MP camera; since each pixel uses 3 bytes to record truecolor, the uncompressed image would occupy 36,000,000 bytes of memorya great amount of digital storage for one image. The objective of image compression is to reduce image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form. So,to solve this problem two algorithms were used:1) Lossless compression 2) Lossy compression

Lossless compression algorithms reduce file size without losing image quality, though they are not compressed into as small a file as a lossy compression file. When image quality is valued above file size, lossless algorithms are typically chosen. When lossless compression occurs, no data is lost in the compression. Although this process of compression takes time to compress and decompress the file, the file is identical to the original copy when it is recovered. Files that have undergone lossless compression will end with a TIFF suffix.

Lossy compression algorithms take advantage of the inherent limitations of the human eye and discard invisible information. Most lossy compression algorithms allow for variable quality levels (compression) and as these levels are increased, file size is reduced. At the highest compression levels, image deterioration becomes noticeable as "compression artifacting". The lossy process compresses a file by deleting some of the information it contains. Consequently, a lossy compression cannot reproduce the original exactly. You can identify files that have been through a lossy compression by the suffix JPEG on the filename.

 The

graphic file formats are separated into the two main families of graphics: 1) Raster 2) Vector

These formats store images as bitmaps (also known as pixmaps).Here the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel.For eg.: JPEG(Joint Photographic Expert Group) JPEG 2000 EXIF(Exchangeable image file format) TIFF(Tagged image file format) RAW PNG(Portable network graphics) GIF(Graphics interchange format) BMP(Bitmap file format) WEBP(Web page file format)

 These

formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size.Vector formats can contain bitmap data as well as 3D graphic file formats. All vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors.for eg.: CGM(Computer graphics metafile) SVG(Scalable vector graphics) PDF(Portable document format)

Selection Image size alteration Cropping an image Histogram Noise reduction Removal of unwanted elements Selective color change Image orientation Enhancing image Selecting and merging of images Contrast change and brightening Color adjustment Printing Change color depth Special effects

 Selecting

part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as a marquee tool, lasso tool, magic wand tool, vector-based pen tools as well as more advanced facilities such as edge detection, masking and alpha compositing.

 Image

editors can resize images in a process often called Image Scaling, making them larger, or smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called resampling to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3 megapixels.

Digital editors are used to crop images .Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image.

 Image

editors have provisions to create an image histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.

Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove noise in an image. JPEG artifacts can be removed;dust and scratches can be removed. Noise reduction merely estimates the state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Noise tends to invade images when pictures are taken in low light settings.

 Most

image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc., using a "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall composition.

 Some

image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range.

 Image

editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree. Mirror images can be created and images can be horizontally flipped. A small rotation of several degrees is often enough to level the horizon,correct verticality (of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require cropping afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges.

 In

computer graphics, the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways. Programs specialized for image enhancement are called image editors.

When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital version of cutting out the image.Once the image is selected, it may be copied and pasted into another section of the same file, or into a separate file. The selection may also be saved. A popular way to create a composite image is to use transparent layers. The background image is used as the bottom layer, and the image with parts to be added are placed in a layer above that. Using an image layer mask, all but the parts to be merged are hidden from the layer, giving the impression that these parts have been added to the background layer. Performing a merge in this manner preserves all of the pixel data on both layers to more easily enable future changes in the new merged image.

 Image

editors usually have a list of special effects that can create unusual results. Images may be skewed and distorted in various ways. Several of special effects can be applied to an image which include various forms of artistic effects, geometric transforms and texture effects ,or combinations thereof.

 It

is possible, using software, to change the color depth of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65,536 and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors. In addition, grayscale images of 8 bits or less can be created, usually via conversion and down-sampling from a full-color image.

Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the contrast of images and brighten or darken the image. Underexposed images can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction i.e. brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor.

 The

color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using curves or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the white balance incorrectly set. Special effects, like sepia and grayscale, can be added to an image. The red-eye effect, which occurs when flash photos are taken when the pupil is too widely open, can also be eliminated at this stage

Controlling the print size and quality of digital images requires an understanding of the pixels-per-inch (ppi). Within the Image Size dialog , the image editor allows the user to manipulate both pixel dimensions and the size of the image on the printed document. These parameters work together to produce a printed image of the desired size and quality. Pixels per inch of the image, pixel per inch of the computer monitor, and dots per inch on the printed document are related. For example, a 1600 1200 image with a ppi of 200 will produce a printed image of 8 6 inches. The same image with a ppi of 400 will produce a printed image of 4 3 inches. Change the ppi to 800, and the same image now prints out at 2 1.5 inches. All three printed images contain the same data (1600 1200 pixels) but the pixels are closer together on the smaller prints, so the smaller images will potentially look sharp when the larger ones do not. The quality of the image will also depend on the capability of the printer.