Bt Utilization:

Click to and Mechanism Nature edit Master subtitle styleof Action to Mosquito Vectors A SYNTHESIS

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Review
8/15/12 Ernst Berliner; 1911 Bacillus thuringiensis Shigetani Ishiwatari; 1901 Bacillus sotto

Review
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Bt as pesticide in 1920. Commercialized spore-based formulations called Sporine in 1938. Limitations: washed by rain degrade in UV insects were not susceptible limited penetration

Review
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Commercialized in USA on 1958 Registered as pesticide on1961 by EPA 1977; 13 subspecies that has been discovered were toxic to Lepidopterans 1977; followed by the strain that was toxic to Dipterans

Review
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Bti (israelensis)

Mosquito vectors of human disease pose a constant threat worldwide (tropics) and recent interceptions of exotic mosquitoes with the potential to vector serious mammalian diseases has highlighted the need for agents for use in control and eradication programs. The discovery of Bti, a variety specific to Diptera (especially mosquitoes) in Israel in 1978, has led to the development of many products that have been used extensively in mosquito and biting fly control programmes.

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Characterisation

The classification of Bacillus thuringiensis is difficult because of the close genetic relationship between Bt to B. cereus, B. anthracis and B.mycoides. The main and unique characteristic separating Bt is the formation of insecticidal proteins. During sporulation in Bt , some strains produce one or more inclusions or parasporal bodies within a sporangium. This body is often toxic to specific insect group (Cry proteins; -

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Characterisation
Phenotypic

Flagellar serotyping, crystal morphology, biochemical reactions, bioassay

Subspecies and variety

H-serovars

Strains

Molecular biology (DNA sequencing, specific primed PCR, RAPD, colony hybridisation and rRNA-based

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Mode of Action
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Mode of Action
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Occurrences

Recycle poorly and rarely cause natural epizootics in insects

-Rarely grows in soil but is deposited there by insects -May be infective to soil dwelling insects (as yet undiscovered) -May grow in soil when nutrients are available -Affinity with B. cereus

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Bt apparently exists in the environment as spores

Occurrences
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Although Bti is rarely found causing epizootics, this strains was discovered causing massive death among Culex sp. in Israel. Presence of the plasmids which encode endotoxins is related to germination and sporulation .

Bti Formulations
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Bti Formulations

Formulations which float for as long as possible have been developed for use in fast-flowing or turbulent waters. Formulations which settle and persist at the bottom are required for bottom feeders. Granules which float on the surface are most effect against surface feeders. Briquettes to continual successive generations like Culex are useful for overcoming lack of persistence.

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Highly concentrated liquid formulations are available for control of floodwater mosquitoes.

Bti Formulations
Other types: Superabsorbent polymer controlledrelease system Combinations of chemical and biological agents (insect growthregulator) Sprayed-dyed Bti powder as tablet Floating bait
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Host range

Generally regarded as specific to larvae of Nematocera (also include midges, craneflies and gall flies).

Different preparations shows differing levels of toxicity Culex and Aedes are highly susceptible Anopheles are less susceptible, but can still be killed

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Highly pathogenic against Culicidae (mosquitoes) and Simuliidae (blackflies).

Host range
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Persistence and Activity in the Environment

Persistence
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Generally, toxicity to mosquitoes persists for only days and efficacy can be reduced within 24 hours. Formulation and application techniques can extend the persistence of activity for over one month in some situations, but activity remains sensitive factors like UV degradation. Application Methods and Rates

Applications can be made by pouring into water, spraying (ultra low volume), aerial techniques and special formulation as briquettes.

Persistence and Activity in the Environment

Gene Transfer
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Studies on transfer of genetic elements in the environment are in their infancy, but it has been demonstrated in the laboratory that Bt strain can transfer toxin-encoding plasmids to other bacterial species. Resistance

Resistance to Bt has arisen especially in Lepidopterans. However, only low level resistance has ever been detected with this dipteran-specific subspecies. The reasons could be

Host and environmental factors affecting efficacy

Inoculum and host density Developmental stage of larvae Other organisms Water quality Temperature Vegetative cover and food pH UV Bacteriophage

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Feeding behaviour of host

References

Balaraman K., 2005. Occurrence and Diversity of Mosquitocidal Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India Boisvert M., 2005. Utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)-based Formulations for the Biological Control of Mosquitoes in Canada. Socit de Protection des Forts contre les Insectes et Maladies, Qubec, Canada Cranshaw W., 2008. Home and Garden (Bacillus thuiringiensis). Department of Agriculture, Colorado State University Extension, Colorado, USA Glare T., 1998. Report for the Ministry of Health

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Franco G. Teves; OVCRE, MSU-IIT Prof. Faith B. Amorado, DBS; CSM, MSU-IIT Prof. Angelie Valera- Mag-aso; DBS, CSM, MSU-IIT Dr. Henry I. Rivero; DBS, CSM, MSU-IIT Bio 296 Co-presenters Bio 296 Class
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