Information System for Managers Telecommunication and Network

Content

Overview of Telecommunication Overview of Computer Network Distributed Processing Communication Protocol and Devices Telecommunication and Network Applications

Overview Of Telecommunications
Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications

Figure 6.1: Elements of a Telecommunications System

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Overview Of Telecommunications (Cont)

Communications can be synchronous or asynchronous

Synchronous communications: receiver gets message instantaneously, e.g. Telephone Asynchronous communications: receiver gets message after some delay, e.g. e-mail
Simplex channel: transmits data in only one direction, e.g. Radio, Doorbell Half-duplex channel: transmits data in either direction, but not simultaneously, e.g. PC - Server, TN Full-duplex channel: permits data transmission in both directions at the same time
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Communication channels: Carries a message

Channel Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth: rate at which data is exchanged over a communications channel

Usually measured in bits per second (bps)

Broadband communications: telecommunications system in which a very high rate of data exchange is possible Narrowband communications: telecommunications system that supports a much lower rate of data exchange than broadband
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Communications Media
Can be compared based on

Cost Capacity Speed Concern for Privacy

Guided transmission media: communications signals guided along a solid medium Wireless media: communications signal broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation
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Guided Transmission Media Types

Table 6.1: Guided Transmission Media Types

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Wireless Transmission Media Types

Table 6.2: Wireless Technologies

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Wireless Transmission Media (Cont)

Radio Transmission

Line of sight not required New wireless technologies such as RFID chips, Blue Tooth and Wi-Fi are based on radio transmission Cell phone operate on the same (Hence people with special receivers can listen conversations)

Wireless Transmission Media (Cont)

Microwave Tower / satellite Transmission

Transmission tower placed at distance of 30 KM Communication Satellite also can be used Geostationary satellite at height of 22,000 miles Low Earth Orbit (a few hundred miles above earth) satellite system consisting of number of satellites Needs dish antenna to catch signal from satellite VSAT (A very small aperture terminal) is two way satellite ground station with a dish antenna smaller than 3 meter in diameter. Used by e.g. Retail stores

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Telecommunications Hardware
Typical telephone line only accommodates an analog signal (continuous, curving signal) Computers generate a digital signal representing bits Modem: device that translates data from digital to analog (Modulation) and analog to digital (Demodulation)

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Telecommunications Hardware (continued)

Figure 6.6: How a Modem Works

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Telecommunications Hardware (continued)

Multiplexer: device that encodes data from two or more data sources onto a single communications channel

Reduces number of communications channels needed Lowers telecommunications costs

Front-end processors: special-purpose computers that manage communications serving hundreds or even thousands of users

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Services
Telecommunications carriers organize communications channels, networks, hardware, software, people, and business procedures to provide valuable communications services

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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Telecommunications technology that delivers highbandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone wires Asymmetric DSL (ADSL):

Download speed is 3-4 times faster than upload speed Further you are from local TN office, poorer the quality and speed Dedicated line from subscriber to local TN. Hence addition of other users do not effect performance (Unlike Cable Modem) Speed of receiving and sending data is the same Does not allow you to use the phone at the same time
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Symmetric DSL (SDSL):

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) (continued)

Figure 6.8: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

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Networks and Distributed Processing

Computer network:

communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices

Network nodes:

computers and devices on the networks Once connected, nodes can share data and processing of jobs

Organization can use networks to share hardware, programs and databases

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Network Types
Personal area network (PAN) Local area network (LAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) Wide area network (WAN) International networks Mesh networking

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Network Types (cont)

Personal area network (PAN)

Wireless network that connects within range of 10 m E.g. Laptop, printer and digital camera Standard protocol: Blue Tooth Connects nodes within office building / home Uses twisted pair wire, fiber optic or wireless communication Need not have server (Peer-to-peer network)

Local area network (LAN)

Metropolitan area network (MAN): 30 90 miles Wide area network (WAN) International networks Mesh networking
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Network Types (continued)

In full mash topology, each node is connected to other node directly Very Robust

Figure 6.11: Partial Mesh Network

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Distributed Processing
Centralized processing: all processing occurs at a single location or facility Decentralized processing: processing devices are placed at various remote locations Distributed processing:

computers are placed at remote locations but are connected to each other via a network Work can be allocated to node that can process it most efficiently

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Client/Server Systems
Client/server:

multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions such as database management (DBMS Server) printing (Print Server) communications (Communication Server) program execution (Application Server) Each server is accessible by all computers on the network A client is any computer that sends messages requesting services from servers on the network Client provides UI & present results to users
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Client/Server Systems (continued)

Figure 6.13: Client/Server Connection

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Communications Software and Protocols

Communications protocol: set of rules that governs the exchange of information over a communications channel ATM Frame relay IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) T-carrier system

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Communications Software and Protocols (continued)

Table 6.4: Common Telecommunications Protocols

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Wireless Communications Protocols

Wi-Fi WiMAX Smart antenna technology Ultra Wideband (UWB) 3G wireless communication 4G wireless communications

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Wireless Communications Protocols (continued)

Table 6.14: Wi-Fi Network

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Network Devises
Switch: uses physical device address in each incoming message to forward message to another device on the same network Bridge: connects one LAN to another LAN that uses the same telecommunications protocol Router: forwards data packets across two or more distinct networks toward their destinations through routing Gateway: serves as an entrance to another network
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Communications Software
Network operating system (NOS): systems software that controls computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to communicate with each other Network-management software

Monitors the use of individual computers and shared hardware Scans for viruses Ensures compliance with software licenses

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Telecommunications and Network Applications

Telecommunications and networks are a vital part of todays information systems In some industries, telecommunications is virtually a requirement for doing business Downloading / Uploading data

Personal computers can be connected to mainframe computers to download / upload data Unattended systems: communications software programs instruct the computer to connect to another computer on the network, download or send information, and then disconnect from the telecommunications line
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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Voice Mail

Users can send, receive, and store verbal messages for and from other people around the world Configure computers to share printers and files Send and receive documents in a digital form without printing them Much faster Saves paper Saves document storage space
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Home and Small Business Networks

Electronic Document Distribution

Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Call center Automatic call distributor (ACD)

Telephone facility that manages incoming calls Handles calls based on the called number and an associated database of instructions

National Do Not Call Registry Offshore call centers

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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Telecommuting and Virtual Workers and Workgroups :

employees work away from the office using computing devices and networks More effective workers Saves money on office and parking space and office equipment Reduces traffic congestion and air pollution Some types of jobs are better suited for telecommuting than others Telecommuters must work independently, manage time well, and balance work and home life
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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Videoconferencing

Enables people to hold a conference by combining voice, video, and audio transmission Reduces travel expenses and time Increases managerial effectiveness through faster response to problems, access to more people, and less duplication of effort in multiple sites Systems usually combine video and phone call capabilities with data or document conferencing

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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

Inter-company, application-to-application communication of data in a standard format Permits recipient to perform a standard business transaction, such as processing purchase orders Follows standards and procedures that can process output from one system directly as input to other systems without human intervention

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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Table 6.17: Two Approaches to Electronic Data Interchange

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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Public Network Services

Give personal computer users access to vast databases, the Internet, and other services Providers of public network services include Microsoft, America Online, and Prodigy Transfers money from one bank account directly to another without the use of paper money

Electronic funds transfer (EFT)

Automated clearing house (ACH)

Secure private network connecting all U.S. financial institutions to each other through the Federal Reserve Board or other ACH operators
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Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont)

Distance Learning

Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom Instructors create course home pages on the Internet Students access the course syllabus and instructor notes on the Web page Student e-mail mailing lists allow students and the instructor to e-mail one another Chat groups allow students to form virtual teams

Team Collaboration Systems

Allows you to set up shared workspaces among employees and others outside your organization
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Specialized Systems and Services

Increased interest in specialized and regional information services Electronic bulletin board: message center that displays messages in electronic form

Regional, national, and international bulletin boards

Global positioning systems (GPSs) provide specialized telecommunications services Virtual workers: conduct business at any time and place A3 concepts: Any Time Any Where Access
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Summary
Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications, by such means as telephone, radio, and television Guided transmission media types: twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and broadband over power lines Wireless transmission types: microwave, radio, and infrared Computer network: communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices
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Summary (continued)
Network types: personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), international networks, and mesh networking Client/server systems: multiple computer platforms dedicated to special functions such as database management, printing, communications, and program execution Communications protocol: set of rules that governs the exchange of information over a communications channel
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Summary (continued)
Examples of telecommunications and network applications

Linking personal computers to mainframes and networks, voice mail, home and small business networks, electronic document distribution, call centers, telecommuting, videoconferencing, electronic data interchange, public network services, electronic funds transfer, distance learning, and team collaboration systems

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