This document discusses apudomas, which are tumors of neuroendocrine cells called APUD cells. APUD cells have properties like containing amines and enzymes that convert amino acids to amines. They include chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, paraganglia cells, intestinal cells, and neuroendocrine cells in various organs. Apudomas can cause different syndromes depending on the hormone overproduced, such as glucagonoma syndrome or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Certain cancers are also associated with apudoma syndromes through hormone overexpression like ectopic ACTH syndrome.
This document discusses apudomas, which are tumors of neuroendocrine cells called APUD cells. APUD cells have properties like containing amines and enzymes that convert amino acids to amines. They include chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, paraganglia cells, intestinal cells, and neuroendocrine cells in various organs. Apudomas can cause different syndromes depending on the hormone overproduced, such as glucagonoma syndrome or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Certain cancers are also associated with apudoma syndromes through hormone overexpression like ectopic ACTH syndrome.
This document discusses apudomas, which are tumors of neuroendocrine cells called APUD cells. APUD cells have properties like containing amines and enzymes that convert amino acids to amines. They include chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, paraganglia cells, intestinal cells, and neuroendocrine cells in various organs. Apudomas can cause different syndromes depending on the hormone overproduced, such as glucagonoma syndrome or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Certain cancers are also associated with apudoma syndromes through hormone overexpression like ectopic ACTH syndrome.
J. O. Ogunbiyi Department of Pathology University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria Introduction
These are tumours of
APUD cells. Some secrete the normal hormone of their presumptive cell of origin and are called orthoendocrine. The APUD cells derive their name from the initial letters associated with their three most important properties: A high content of amines The capacity for amine precursor uptake The presence of amino acid decarboxylase, which converts amino acids into amines. Cells with these properties have been grouped together as the APUD system. They contain characteristic granules on electron microscopy and secrete polypeptides, or amines, or both The cells included here are: The chromaffin cell system- These are found in the adrenal medulla and in association with the paravertebral plexuses. The non-chromaffin cells of the paraganglia (Carotid body, glomus jugulare). The argentaffin (Kultschitzky) cells. ( found in the intestine). Similar cells occur in the salivary glands, pancreas, and bronchial mucosa. . The argyrophil cells. These are widely distributed in the intestine. Other neuroectodermal cells are present in the stomach and small intestine These are responsible for secretion of VIP, cholecystokinin, gastrin, 5HT, etc They include
Pancreatic islet cells,
Thyroid C cells, Parathyroid cells, Melanocytes, Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells, Some cells of the anterior pituitary, and The autonomic neurons The following syndromes are accompanied by apudomata Hypoglycaemia (pancreatic ß-islet cell hypersecretion) The glucagonoma syndrome The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (in which there is hyperplasia of the G cells of the pyloric antrum or of the B- cells of the pancreas). The Verner-Morrison syndrome (pancreatic cholera) WDHA (watery diarrhea, hypokaleamia, and achlorhydria) syndrome.
Non-ß islet cell tumour, SCLC,
MCT, malignant carcinoid, mast cell tumours, and neuroblastoma. In all of these, there is XS VIP secretion Cushing’s syndrome / (ectopic ACTH syndrome) consisting hypokaleamia alkalosis, diabetes mellitus, hyperpigmented skin, muscle wasting with weakness. May be found with SCLC, bronchial carcinoid, carcinoid of thymus, pancreatic islet cell tumour, MTC, pheo, ovarian carcinoma The carcinoid syndrome. Those of the foregut tend to be secretory and active unlike the hindgut ones that tend to be inactive The somatostatin syndrome.