PPT

Chapter 17
Work Performers of Pneumatic Systems

Cylinders, Motors, and Other Devices
Objectives
Describe the construction features of basic, pneumatic linear and rotary actuators. Compare the design and operation of pneumatic cylinders. Compare the design and operation of pneumatic motors. Explain the performance characteristics used to rate the operation of pneumatic motors.
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Objectives
Describe the basic design and operation of specialized pneumatic tools commonly used in consumer and industrial applications. Size pneumatic cylinders and motors to meet the force and speed requirements of a basic work application. Interpret manufacturer specifications for basic, pneumatic cylinders, motors, and power tools.
Pneumatic Actuators
Pneumatic systems convert the potential energy of compressed air into force and movement using:
Cylinders Motors Variety of other specially designed actuators and processes
Pneumatic Actuators
Cylinders provide straight-line movement and force for use in mechanically operated equipment
Often called linear actuators Force generated is controlled by system pressure Speed of movement is determined by the volume of air allowed to enter the unit
Pneumatic Actuators
Pneumatic motors convert the potential energy of compressed air into torque and rotary movement
Often called rotary actuators Torque depends on air pressure and the internal structure of the motor Operating speed is determined by the internal displacement of the motor per revolution and the volume of compressed air passing through the motor
Pneumatic Actuators
Other processes and actuator designs use compressed air to assist in or complete a task
Reciprocating movement Process assistance Nozzles Impact tools
Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Typical pneumatic cylinders
Parker Hannifin

The basic structure of pneumatic cylinders is very similar to those used in hydraulic systems
Lower system operating pressures allow the use of lighter materials in pneumatic-system components Water vapor present in compressed air requires the use of corrosion-resistant materials or coatings for component parts
10

Basic pneumatic cylinder construction
IMI Norgren, Inc. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
11

Some manufacturers produce nonlubricated pneumatic cylinders
Do not require the addition of oil to the system compressed air Special coatings on the surface of the cylinder bore and other bearing surfaces provide lubrication Coatings are not scraped off during the operation of the actuator
12

Resilient seals prevent both internal and external leaks
13

Pneumatic cylinders may be single or double acting The operating principles of single-acting and double-acting pneumatic cylinders are basically the same as the cylinders designed for hydraulic applications
14

Typical, single-acting cylinder
IMI Norgren, Inc.
15

The construction techniques used to manufacture pneumatic cylinders are very similar to those used to produce hydraulic cylinders
Lower operating pressures allow some difference in construction Cylinder ends and barrel may be attached by metal rolling, rather than with tie rods, threads, or snap rings
16

Rolled-metal ends on a cylinder
Parker Hannifin Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
17
Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Two factors are basic to determining required actuator size
Cylinder force output Absolute air consumption required to produce desired system performance
18

The force output of a cylinder is determined by system air pressure and the effective area of the cylinder piston F=PA
19

Air consumption of a cylinder can be estimated
Calculate the volume of air displaced during one cycle of the cylinder Multiplying it by the number of cycles per minute and the absolute pressure ratio CFM = V Pr N
20

Two factors make the accurate calculation of air consumption in a pneumatic system difficult
Air leaks Variations in the actual volume of cylinder air chambers
21

Manufacturers provide a variety of specific information about the cylinders they produce
Construction materials Available sizes Pressure ratings Specific features such as cushions and mountings
22
Pneumatic Rotary Motors

Typical rotary motors
Atlas Copco Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
23

Pneumatic motors are used to power:
Many large stationary machines A large variety of portable hand tools
These motors range in size from fractionalhorsepower units to motors producing over 50 horsepower
24

Air motors are available in many designs
Vane Piston Turbine Other, specialized designs
The vane air motor is the most common design
25

Vane motors can be found in hand tools and large, stationary installations
26
Atlas Copco Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Operation of a vane motor
27

28

29

30

Piston air motors are most often found in installations requiring higher horsepower output They are available in both axial and radial piston designs
31

Parts of an axial-piston motor
32

Parts of an axial-piston motor
33

Turbine motors incorporate air nozzles to direct air onto a turbine
Nozzle produces high-speed air, which results in very high output-shaft speeds In specialized applications, the speed of turbine motors can reach 100,000 rpm
34

Turbine air motor
Atlas Copco
35

Most manufacturers of rotary air motors publish tables and graphs that provide details about:
Horsepower Torque Air consumption
These data cover a wide range of operating speeds
36
Pneumatic Reciprocating Motors

Pneumatic reciprocating motors use percussive or nonpercussive techniques to transfer energy from compressed air to a workpiece
Percussive tools provide multiple, physical impacts to overcome resistance Nonpercussive devices generally repeat a cycle to provide linear motion that is used to directly operate a machine
37

Total input force of a percussion-type reciprocating motor is determined by:
System air pressure Area of the piston
38

The paving breaker is a very common application of a reciprocating motor
Often called a jackhammer Used in a number of applications Models available ranging in size from hand tools to large units mounted on mobile support equipment
39

Example of a reciprocating motor
Atlas Copco Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
40

Reciprocating motors are used to power a variety of tools found in the foundry, construction, and general metal fabrication industries
Scaling hammers Chipping hammers Riveting hammers Tampers Rammers
41

Chipping hammers are used in foundries
42

Using a tamper on a casting mold
Badger Iron Works, Inc. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
43

Reciprocating motors commonly operate from under 1000 to over 3000 movements per minute of operation The operating rate depends on the task performed and the type of material being cleaned, formed, or trimmed
44
Other Pneumatic-Powered Functions and Equipment

Compressed air is often used to assist functions without applying force to linear or rotary actuators
Spraying Drying Material agitation Material transfer
45

Insecticide is usually sprayed
USDA
46

Compressed air is used to agitate material
Assure proper mixing of liquids Prevent the settling of solid materials in a suspension Provide oxygenation
47

Agitation is used in sewage treatment
48

A nozzle is a very important device in many systems using compressed air
In turbine motors, nozzles produce rapid airflow to assure the high speed rotation of the turbine output shaft Nozzles may be convergent or convergent-divergent
49

Nozzle designs
50

A blowgun is a simple example of a nozzle
IMI Norgren, Inc.
51

Blowguns are simple tools, but must be very carefully handled
Produce high air velocity Can cause serious injury Designs are available with a bleed-off to increase safety
52

Bleed-off safety feature on a blowgun
IMI Norgren, Inc.
53

Pneumatic-powered impact wrenches are commonly used in service and manufacturing industries These tools are used to tighten or remove bolts and nuts
54

Construction of an impact wrench
Chicago Pneumatic
55

Parts of a pneumatic impact wrench
Chicago Pneumatic Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
56

Nutsetters are specialized impact wrenches for installing multiple fasteners
57

Nail drivers are used to install staples, nails, or other fasteners in wood and other materials Pneumatic models have become popular for use by general consumers, as well as by the construction industry
58

Typical pneumatic nail driver
59

Pneumatic powered nail drivers use highimpact force from an air-driven piston and piston rod to quickly and easily install fasteners Caution: special care must be taken to prevent the accidental discharge of these units, which can cause injury
60

Pneumatic nailer at idle
61

Pneumatic nailer when actuated
62

Pneumatic rock drills are commonly used in quarries, mining, and road construction The holes bored by this equipment are used for the placement of explosive charges that break the rock along a line connecting the holes
63

Pneumatic rock drill
Atlas Copco
64

Pneumatic-powered gripping tools are used by robotic equipment to handle materials
Robot is responsible for accurately locating and then opening and closing the gripper Gripper must provide accurate clearances and grip forces
65

Grippers are used by industrial robots
66

Grippers are often designed for a specific application
67
Review Question
Because of the relatively low operating pressure of pneumatic cylinders, metal _____ techniques can be used to permanently attach the barrel to the cylinder head and cap. rolling
68
Review Question
What are the four primary types of information provided by cylinder manufacturers in their catalogs and data sheets? A. Construction materials, B. available sizes, C. pressure ratings, and D. features.
69
Review Question
List three performance factors that make piston air motors desirable in many pneumatic system applications. A. High power output, B. high starting torque, and C. accurate speed control.
70
Review Question
What determines the speed of an air motor?
The displacement of the motor and the volume of air that is metered through the unit.
71
Review Question
Name six tools that use reciprocating motors to power their operation.
A. Paving breaker (or jackhammer), B. Scaling hammers, C. chipping hammers, D. riveting hammers, E. tampers, and F. rammers.
72
Review Question
An air motor should be sized to operate on what fraction of the workstation pressure to allow for the extra power needed for starting loads and unexpected overloads? 2/3
73
Review Question
Identify the two factors that determine the impact force of a percussive, reciprocating air motor. A. Air pressure and B. piston area.
74

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Chapter 17

Work Performers of Pneumatic Systems

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

IMI Norgren, Inc. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

IMI Norgren, Inc. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

IMI Norgren, Inc.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Construction

Parker Hannifin Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Cylinder Sizing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Rotary Motors

Pneumatic Rotary Motors

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Rotary Motors

The vane air motor is the most common design

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Pneumatic Rotary Motors