WELCOME

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Sri Sainathnagar,A.Rangampet,Tirupathi-517102
OPTIMUM CONTROL OF SELECTIVE AND TOTAL HARMONIC
DISTORTION IN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE UNDER
NON-SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS
By

Y. JANAKI PRASAD Roll No:08121DO707

II M.Tech, IV semester
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr.D.Sreenivasulu Reddy, M.Tech.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,Department Of E.E.E

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To limit the TOTAL and SELECTIVE Harmonic
Distortion in current or voltage under
non-sinusoidal supply voltage and current
conditions, using shunt or series active filter.
OBJECTIVE
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Introduction
Methods of reducing harmonics.
Dis-advantages.
Lagranges Multiplier Optimization Technique.
Current distortion limit for equipment.
Generation of non-sinusoidal voltage at PCC.
Proposed technique for total and selective harmonic control


CONTENTS
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Dept. of EEE
Generalized tecnique for shaping the waveforms.
Application of the technique to shape voltage (or) current.
Objective function
Equality constraints
Inequality constraints
Lagranges function
Simulation diagrams and results.
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HARMONICS:
Harmonics are currents, usually in multiples of the supply
fundamental frequency, produced by non-linear loads such
as the AC to DC power conversion circuits.

HARMONICS EFFECTS:
Reduction of efficiency of power generation,
transmission, and utilization.
Overheating and failure of electric motors.
Excessive measurement errors in metering equipment.



INTRODUCTION
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Total Harmonic Distortion(THD)
THD is an rms value of the distortion component of
the fundamental frequency current or voltage wave
due to harmonics.
( )
=
Sum of the squares of all harmonic currents
THD
Square of the fundamental current
Methods of Reducing Harmonics

1.Instantaneous-reactive power method

2. Id-Iq method

3. Unity power factor method

4. Fictious-power-compensation method

4
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DISADVANTAGES OF ABOVE METHODS
It is only applicable for 3-phase balanced
sinusoidal voltage.
The computation is instantaneous but incurs time
delays in filtering the dc quantities.
This method is only suitable for combined systems
of VAR and current harmonic compensation.
Minimization of source current RMS values is only
done UPF method.
It involves a large amount of computation.
Constant active power from the source is not
obtained from these methods expect
instantaneous p-q method.
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Lagrange's optimization technique is applicable to
shunt or series active filters under non-sinusoidal
supply voltage and current conditions to achieve the
following objectives.
1. Restricting the individual harmonic components of
source current or load voltage according to the
requirements.
2. Limiting the THD in current or voltage waveforms
according to the requirements.
3. Optimization of PF in conjunction with (1) and (2).
9
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LAGRANGESs multiplier optimization technique
Advantages of the Lagranges optimization techniques:
Lagranges optimization tecnique does not use p-q
theory.
It is applicable to both single phase and three phase
systems under sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal supply
voltage and load condition.
Non-linear optimization technique is an effective method
to optimize the power factor and total harmonics
distortion.
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TABLE 1
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMIT FOR EQUIPMENT (> 16 A PER PHASE)














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Contd
Generation of nonsinsoidal voltage at the PCC
Non linear loads draw non sinusoidal
currents from the power system
consequently voltage drops are caused
across the transmission line and
transformer impedances.
This results in non sinusoidal
voltages in the system.
When supply voltage is non
sinusoidal harmonics are not perfectly
reduced and does not reach unity
power factor and vice versa. There is a
trade off between two in such
condition some optimization technique
incorporated in the control strategy.
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LAGRANGES MULTIPLIER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR
CONTROL TOTAL AND SELECTIVE HARMONIC DISTORTION

Lagrangian multiplier technique is used to optimize the
nonlinear equations for reactive volt-ampere subject to
equality and inequality constraints.
This technique is generalized for shunt and series active
filter for the compensation of SHD and THD in current and
voltage by using the Lagrange multiplier optimization
technique.
These technique also optimizes the PF while ensuring
THD with in the specified limit in addition to selective
harmonic control.




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Generalized Technique for Shaping the Waveforms
x(t) and y(t) represent two nonsinusoidal waveforms
of different shapes with a certain phase angle
between them

( ) ( )
(

=

1
1
1
1
sin 2
h
h
t h X t x e
( ) ( )
(

o + e =

2
2
h
1
2 2 h
h t h sin Y 2 t y
1
2
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Xh1 and Yh2 RMS value of h
th
order harmonic
component of x and y.
To shape y(t) the same as x(t), without any phase shift between them,
the following conditions need to satisfied.

1. Similar order of harmonics should be present in both
the waveforms x(t) and y(t).

2. Ratio of the rms value of each harmonic component
of one waveform to the corresponding component in
the other waveform should be equal.

3. Phase angles corresponding to similar harmonic
components in the two waveforms should be zero.
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Contd

y(t) should be modified to Ynew(t) as follows:
. (3)

. (4)
Where
. (5)
By controlling the values of K
h
the shape can be
controlled.
This concept is used to shape the current or voltage to
the desired one.
( ) ( )
(

=

1
1
1
1
sin 2
h
new new
t h Y t y
h
e
h h new
X . K Y
h
=
h
new
h
X
Y
K =
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V
sh2
DESIRED CURRENT FROM SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
Shunt active filter is used for limiting the SHD and THD in
current.
The desired source current (i
*
des
) is obtained from v
s
(t) and
i
s
(t) by setting h = 0.


( ) ( ) ) 8 ( sin sin 2
1 2
2
1
1
1 1
2 2 1
*
(

+ + + =

h h
h des h des des
t h I t h I i
h h
o e o e
sh shunt des
V K I
h h
. =
is a control variable admittance of the hth-order
harmonic component.
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h
shunt
K
( ) ( )
(

o + e + o + e =

1 3
3
h 1
1
h
h
1
h
1
3 h 3 des h 1 des
*
des
t h sin I t h sin V 2 v
=
h
des
V
sh series
I . K
h
DESIRED VOLTAGE FROM SERIES ACTIVE FILTER
series AF can be used for the compensation of voltage
harmonics.

The desired load voltage (v
*
des
) is obtained that the current
i
s
(t) is in phase with supply voltage v
s
(t) by setting n= 0.

(9)



is a control variable impedance of the hth-order
harmonic component.
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h
series
K
Lagrangian-multiplier technique is used that optimizes the
PF while limiting the SHD and THD in current or voltage.
According to the Lagrange optimization technique, an
augmented Lagrange function can be written as
L = f + g + u + w + cy + ,z+ (10)

Objective Function (f):
PF can be improved by minimizing the total apparent
input power S.
S is the objective function in case of both series and
shunt Active Filters.

Where
(11)


rms rms
I . V S =

=
h
h rms
V V
1
2

=
h
1
2
h rms
I I
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= =
h
1
h
1
2
sh
2
shunt
2
sh
2
shunt
. V K V S f
h

= =
h
1
h
1
2
sh
2
series
2
sh
2
series
. I K I S f
h
Objective function (fshunt) for shunt AF is given by
Objective function (fseries) for series AF is given by
12
13
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Equality Constraint:
It states that relationships should exactly match a resource
value.These are more difficult to handle and therefore need to
be avoided whenever possible.
Necessary condition to form equal constrained (g) is mean value
of instantaneous power demand before and after compensation
should be equal.
Mean value of the instantaneous real power with shunt active
filter is given by

(14)

Pdc is the power demand which supplies for compensation.



= =
h h
shunt sh
h
des sh dc
h
K V I V P
1 1
2
. .
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0
1
2
= =

h
shunt sh dc shunt
h
K V P g

= =
h
1
series
2
sh dc series
. 0 K I P g
h
For a shunt active filter, equality constraint (g
shunt
) is given by

(15)

For a series active filter, equality constrained (g
series
) is given by

(16)
INEQUALITY CONSTRAINT:
It states the relationships among design variables are either greater than,
smaller than or equal to a resource value.
There are two inequality constraints:
1) Total harmonic distortion.
2) Selective harmonic distortion.
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Total harmonic distortion:
THD is the rms value of distortion component of the
fundamental frequency current (or) voltage due to
harmonics.
THD limit in current be ITHD

2
2
1
2
2
THD
s
h
des
I
I
I
s

2
THD
2
1 s
2
shunt
h
2
2
sh
2
shunt
I
V K
V k
1
h
s

=
h
2
2
sh
2
shunt shunt
V K u
h
0 V K I
2
1 s
2
shunt
2
THD
1
s
0 I K V I K u
2
1 s
2
series
h
2
2
THD
2
sh
2
series series
1 h
s =

The inequality constraint for shunt active filter (fshunt) is
The inequality constraint for series active filter (fseries) is
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(19)
(20)
Selective harmonic distortion
SHD is the ratio of magnitude of the corresponding harmonic
component to the fundamental component of the current.
SHD limit in current be ISHD
0 .
1
s
n
SHD s sn
I I I
0 I . V . K V . K
n 1 n
SHD 1 s shunt sn shunt
s
Inequality constraint for shunt active filter
n
SHD
s
sn
I
I
I
s
1
0 . . .
1
1
s =
n
n
SHD s shunt sn
shunt
shunt
I V K V K W
0 . . .
1
1
s =
n
n
SHD s series sn
series
series
V I K I K W
Inequality constraint for series active filter
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(21)
(22)
(23)

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
h
1
h
1
h
2
h dc
2
h
2
h
h
1
2
h
K X P X K X L
|
.
|

\
|
+

h
1
2
1
2
1
2
lim
2
h
2
h
X K THD X K .
( )
lim 1 1 h h
SHD . X . K X . K | +
Lagrange Function:
The objective is to minimize S, given the equality constraint g = 0
and the inequality constraints us0, and w s 0.
In order to shape x(t) to a desired value, using x(t) and y
new
(t), the
augmented function is written as







(24)





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PROBLEM:

Balanced 3-phase,4-wire,415V,50HZ,trapezoidal voltage
supply, having 21.02%THD and 20.5% third harmonic
distortion is considered.

To verify the performance of the algorithm, simulation
studies have been carried out for two cases.
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Case1: To limit THD and SHD in current by using shunt active
filter.

Case2: To limit THD and SHD in voltage using series active
filter.
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Contd

Total harmonic distortion (I
THD
) is limited from
21.48% to 16% and fifth harmonic
distortion(I
5sHD
) is limited from 16.83% to 14%
by using a shunt active filter .














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CASE 1
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30
Reducing the harmonics by using shunt active filter
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Lagranges multiplier technique applied for
shunt active filter
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Generating pulses
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Output of case 1
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V,I
time
Waveform of supply voltage and load current
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Waveforms of supply voltage,source current and load current
I
s
I
l
time
V
s
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Before Compensation
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After compensation
Reducing harmonics by using series active filter

Case2
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Lagranges multiplier technique applied for
series active filter
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Generating pulses
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Output of case2
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Waveforms of supply voltge and load voltage
V
s
time
V
L
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Power factor of before and after compensation
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Before compensation
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After compensating
Comparison of power factor and voltage THD before
and after compensation
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compensation

Voltage THD(%)

3
rd
harmonic
distortion(%)

Power factor

Before compensation 21.02 20.5 0.9397
After compensation 8.0 5 0.9677
Total and individual harmonic distortion is
limited and optimizes the power factor under
non-sinusoidal supply voltage and current
conditions by using shunt or series active
filter.
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CONCLUSION
Future Scope
Use of hybrid active filters in place of
conventional active filters will improve the
power factor and limit the Total Harmonic
Distortion(THD) and Selective Harmonic
Distortion(SHD).
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1. Sincy George and Vivek Agarwal, Optimum Control of Selective
and Total Harmonic Distortion in Current and Voltage Under
Non-sinusoidal Conditions IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol.23, no.2,
pp.937-944, APRIL 2008.

2. H. Akagi and H. Fujita, A new line conditioner for kharmonic
compensation in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol.10, no.3, pp.1570-1575, Jul, 1995.

3. F.Z. Peng, Application issues of active power filters, IEEE Ind.
Appl. Mag., vol.4, no.5, pp. 21-30, Sep./Oct.1998.

4. V.E. Wagner, Effect of harmonics on equipment, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol.8, no.2, pp.672-680, Apr. 1993.

5. A. Cavallini and G.C. Montanari, Compensation strategies for
shunt active-filter control, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.9,
no.6, pp.587-593, Nove.1994.

6. S. George and V. Agarwal, A novel technique for optimising the
harmonics and reactive power under non-sinusoidal voltage
conditions, in Proc. 28
th
Annu. Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronic
Society, 2002,pp.858-863.
REFERENCES
8/5/2012 49 Dept of EEE
8/5/2012 Dept of EEE 50
Contd
7. IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive
Electronic Equipments, IEEE Std. 1100-1992.

8. IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial
Plants, IEEE Std. 141-1993.

9 . M. S. Lancarotte and A. de A Penteado, Jr., Estimation of core losses
under sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal induction by analysis of
magnetization
rate, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 174179,
Jun. 2001.

10. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 34 LimitsLimitation
of Emission of Harmonic Current in Low-Voltage Power Supply
Systems
for Equipment With Rated Current Greater Than 16 A, IEC Std.
61000-3-4-1998.

11. IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992.