ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Law of Triad (1829)

The elements were arranged in groups of 3s or triads by Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner like iron, cobalt and nickel which are alike in many properties, so with chlorine, bromine and iodine. Cl Br I 35 80 127 Another Example Ca 40 Li 7

Sr 88 Na 23

Ba 137 K 39

Law of Octaves (1864)

The elements were arranged in groups of 8s by John Newland (English Chemist) like lithium and sodium which have similar properties and are seven elements apart so with fluorine and chlorine.

Dmitri Mendeleevs Periodic Table

It was 1869 when Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer arranged the elements based on the order of increasing atomic weights that the Modern Periodic Table or Long Form was established.

Moseleys Periodic Table

It was 1914 when Henry Moseley based his study from the Periodic Table introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer. He arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic numbers. This Long Form satisfied the discrepancies observed in the Mendeleevs Periodic Table and clearly relates that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of the atomic numbers (The Modern Periodic Law)

WRITING ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION USING PTE

Period, Groups and Families

The seven horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods. a. Period 1 has2 elements corresponding to 2 electrons in the s sublevel. b. Periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements corresponding to 8 electrons in the s and p sublevels. c. Periods 4 and 5 have 8 elements corresponding to 18 electrons in the s, p and d sublevels. d. Period 6 has 32 elements corresponding to 32 electrons in the s, p, d and f sublevels.

The vertical columns are called groups or families, which are divided into A and B subgroups. The A subgroups are often called families. Some families are designated by names: Group 1A Alkali Metals Group 2A Alkaline Earth Metals Group 7A Halogens Group 8A Noble Gas The other A subgroups are classified according to the first element in the column: Group 3A Boron Family Group 4A Carbon Family Group 5A Nitrogen Family Group 6A Oxygen Family

Classification of Elements
1. Representative Elements These are elements belong to 1A to 7A. They are representative in relation to the stepwise addition of electrons to the s and p sublevels. Also, elements belong to the same group have similar properties. 2. Noble Gases These are elements belong to group 8A. These elements are all colorless and exhibit little or no reactivity. They are also known as Inert Gases since they were once thought to be chemically unreactive elements. Also, each element in this group has a completely filled set of s and p orbitals.

Classification of Elements
3. Transition Elements All elements belong to column 1B to 8B. Notice that in the periodic table, the group starts with 3B to 8B which is 8 columns and ended with 1B and 2B. These sequences is related to the stepwise addition of the 10 electrons to the d sublevel of the atoms. Also, these are metallic elements; dense, lustrous, good conductor of heat and electricity and in the most cases, hard. They form many colored compounds and form polyatomic ions like MnO4-

Classification of Elements
4. Inner Transition Elements These are elements belong to the lanthanide series/lanthanoids (rareearth elements) and actinide series/actinoids (heavy rare elements). Elements belong to lanthanide series found to have similar properties as lanthanum and elements belong to actinide series found to have similar properties as actinium. The lanthanoids or rare earths are all metals while actinoids are all radioactive. All elements after uranium are produced artificially by nuclear reactions.

Position of Elements in the Periodic Table

The following points are to be considered about the electronic configuration and the position of the elements in the periodic table: 1. For A family, the number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost energy levels) of the atoms of the elements in their respective groups corresponds to their Group Number. 2. The Highest Main Energy Level or the number of occupied main energy levels (m. e. l.) by the electrons corresponds to the Period to which the element belongs. 3. The elements that belong to the same group have similar outer electronic configurations or last sublevel configurations (LSC). Thus, the periodic table can be

Position of Elements in the Periodic Table

s-block (groups 1A and 2A) the LSC of these groups are ns1 and ns2 respectively where n represents the period number where the element belongs. p-block (groups 3A to 8A or 0) characterized by stepwise addition of electrons to p sublevel. Thus, LSCs are np1 to np6 (except helium which is 1s2) d-block (groups 3B and 2B) characterized by stepwise addition of electrons to d sublevel. Thus, LSCs are (n-1)d1 to (n-1)d10. f-block (lanthanide and actinide) characterized by inner building of the f orbitals. The LSC are (n-2)f1 to (n-2)f14.

Valence
Elements within any group exhibit a valence of +1, since the atoms easily lose the one electrons in the outer level. The halogen of group 7A has a valence of -1, since one electron is readily taken up. In general, atoms which have less than 4 valence e- tend to give up electrons thus having a positive corresponding to the number of electrons lost. While atoms with more than 4 valence e- tend to gain e- thus having negative valence corresponding to the number of electrons gained.

Atoms of the elements of Group 8A have a stable outer configuration of electrons (with 8 valence electrons) and would not be expected to give up or taken in electrons. Thus, elements in this group have a zero valence. In the B group, the incomplete level contribute to valence characteristics. One or two electrons from an incomplete inner level may be lost during a chemical change and added to one or two electrons in the outer level which allows possibilities of more than one valence among the transition elements.

Electron Dot Notation

For the representative elements, it is often convenient to show the valence electrons in the atom by using the kernel notation or an electron dot notation. The symbol for an element is used to represent the nucleus and all inner electrons while a dot is used for each of the valence electrons. Recall that the number of dots or valence electrons can be obtained from the group number.