Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 1

Lecture 3 Oscillator
Introduction of Oscillator
Linear Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
LC Oscillator
Stability
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 2
Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and
regularly fluctuates about the mean value

Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation

Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency,
amplitude, distortion, stability
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 3
Application of Oscillators
Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.
Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF
signals to IF signals in a receiver;
Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 4
Linear Oscillators
1. Wien Bridge Oscillators
2. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators
3. LC Oscillators
4. Stability
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 5
Integrant of Linear Oscillators
For sinusoidal input is connected
Linear because the output is approximately sinusoidal

A linear oscillator contains:
- a frequency selection feedback network
- an amplifier to maintain the loop gain at unity
E
+
+
Amplifier (A)
Frequency-Selective
Feedback Network (|)
Vf
Vs Vo
Vc
Positive
Feedback
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 6
Basic Linear Oscillator
E
+
+
SelectiveNetwork
|(f)
Vf
Vs Vo
Vc
A(f)
) (
f s o
V V A AV V + = =
c
and
o f
V V | =
| A
A
V
V
s
o

=
1
If V
s
= 0, the only way that V
o
can be nonzero
is that loop gain A|=1 which implies that
0
1 | |
= Z
=
|
|
A
A
(Barkhausen Criterion)
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 7
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Frequency Selection Network
Let
1
1
1
C
X
C
e
=
and
1 1 1 C
jX R Z =
2
2
1
C
X
C
e
=
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
1 1
C
C
C
jX R
X jR
jX R
Z

=
(

+ =

Therefore, the feedback factor,
) / ( ) (
) / (
2 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 1
2
C C C
C C
i
o
jX R X jR jX R
jX R X jR
Z Z
Z
V
V
+

=
+
= = |
2 2 2 2 1 1
2 2
) )( (
C C C
C
X jR jX R jX R
X jR


= |

Vi Vo
R1 C1
R2 C2
Z1
Z2
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 8
| can be rewritten as:
) (
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
C C C C C
C
X X R R j X R X R X R
X R
+ + +
= |
For Barkhausen Criterion, imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
0
2 1 2 1
=
C C
X X R R
Supposing,
R
1
=R
2
=R and X
C1
= X
C2
=X
C
,
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
/ 1
1 1
or
C C R R
C C
R R
=
=
e
e e
) ( 3
2 2
C C
C
X R j RX
RX
+
= |
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k

f
a
c
t
o
r

|
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
P
h
a
s
e
Frequency
|=1/3
Phase=0
f(R=Xc)
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 9
Example
Rf
+

R
R
C
C
Z1
Z2
R1
Vo
By setting , we get

Imaginary part = 0 and
RC
1
= e
3
1
= |
Due to Barkhausen Criterion,
Loop gain A
v
|=1
where
A
v
: Gain of the amplifier
1
1 3 1
R
R
A A
f
v v
+ = = = |
2
1
=
R
R
f
Therefore,
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 10
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
+

Rf
R1
R R R
C C C
Using an inverting amplifier
The additional 180
o
phase shift is provided by an RC
phase-shift network
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 11
Applying KVL to the phase-shift network, we have
R R R
C C C
V1
Vo
I1 I2 I3
Solve for I
3
, we get
) 2 ( 0
) 2 ( 0
) (
3 2
3 2 1
2 1 1
C
C
C
jX R I R I
R I jX R I R I
R I jX R I V
+ =
+ =
=
C
C
C
C
C
jX R R
R jX R R
R jX R
R
jX R R
V R jX R
I

=
2 0
2
0
0 0
0 2
3
1
) 2 ( ] ) 2 )[( (
2 2 2
2
1
3
C C C
jX R R R jX R jX R
R V
I

=
Or
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 12
The output voltage,
) 2 ( ] ) 2 )[( (
2 2 2
3
1
3
C C C
o
jX R R R jX R jX R
R V
R I V

= =
Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,
) 6 ( ) 5 (
2 3 2 3
3
1 C C C
o
X R X j RX R
R
V
V
+
= = |
For 180
o
phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
RC
R
X X R X
C C C
6
1

6 X
(Rejected) 0 or 0 6
2 2
C
2 3
=
=
= =
e
and,
29
1
= |
Note: The ve sign mean the
phase inversion from the
voltage
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 13
LC Oscillators
+

~
Av
Ro
Z1 Z2
Z3
1 2
Zp
The frequency selection
network (Z
1
, Z
2
and Z
3
)
provides a phase shift of
180
o
The amplifier provides an
addition shift of 180
o

Two well-known Oscillators:
Colpitts Oscillator
Harley Oscillator
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 14
+
~
Av
Ro
Z1 Z2
Z3
Zp
Vf Vo
3 2 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
) (
) //(
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
p
+ +
+
=
+ =
For the equivalent circuit from the output
p o
p v
i
o
p
o
p o
i v
Z R
Z A
V
V
Z
V
Z R
V A
+

= =
+

or
Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,
) ( ) (
) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
3 1 2
Z Z Z Z Z Z R
Z Z Z A
V
V
A
o
v
i
o
+ + + +
+
= =
o o f
V
Z Z
Z
V V
3 1
1
+
= = |
Zp
AvVi
Ro
+

+
Vo
Io
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 15
The loop gain,
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z R
Z Z A
A
o
v
+ + + +

= |
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
3 3 2 2 1 1
and , jX Z jX Z jX Z = = =
The loop gain becomes,
) ( ) (
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1
X X X X X X jR
X X A
A
o
v
+ + +
= |
The imaginary part = 0 only when X
1
+ X
2
+ X
3
=0
It indicates that at least one reactance must be ve (capacitor)
X
1
and X
2
must be of same type and X
3
must be of opposite type
2
1
3 1
1
X
X A
X X
X A
A
v v
=
+

= | With imaginary part = 0,

For Unit Gain & 180
o
Phase-shift,
1
2
1
X
X
A A
v
= = |
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 16
R L1
L2
C
R
C1
C2
L
Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator
T
o
LC
1
= e
1
2
RC
C
g
m
=
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
C
T
+
=
C L L
o
) (
1
2 1
+
= e
2
1
RL
L
g
m
=
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 17
Colpitts Oscillator
R
C1
C2
L
Equivalent circuit
In the equivalent circuit, it is assumed that:
Linear small signal model of transistor is used
The transistor capacitances are neglected
Input resistance of the transistor is large enough
+

Vt
gmVt
R C1 C2
L
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 18
) (
1 1
L j i V V e
t
+ =
At node 1,
where,
t
e V C j i
2 1
=
) 1 (
2
2
1
LC V V e
t
=
Apply KCL at node 1, we have
0
1 1
1
2
= + + + V C j
R
V
V g V C j
m
e e
t t
0
1
) 1 (
1 2
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + C j
R
LC V V g V C j
m
e e e
t t t
| | 0 ) (
1
2 1
3
2 1
2
2
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ C LC C C j
R
LC
R
g
m
e e
e
For Oscillator V
t
must not be zero, therefore it enforces,
+

Vt
gmVt
R C1 C2
L
node 1
I1
I2
I3
I4
V1
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 19
Imaginary part = 0, we have
| | 0 ) (
1
2 1
3
2 1
2
2
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ C LC C C j
R
LC
R
g
m
e e
e
T
o
LC
1
= e
1
2
RC
C
g
m
=
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
C
T
+
=
Real part = 0, yields
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 20
Frequency Stability
The frequency stability of an oscillator is
defined as


Use high stability capacitors, e.g. silver
mica, polystyrene, or teflon capacitors and
low temperature coefficient inductors for
high stable oscillators.
C ppm/
T
o
o o
d
d
e e
e
e =
|
.
|

\
|

1
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 21
Amplitude Stability
In order to start the oscillation, the loop gain
is usually slightly greater than unity.
LC oscillators in general do not require
amplitude stabilization circuits because of
the selectivity of the LC circuits.
In RC oscillators, some non-linear devices,
e.g. NTC/PTC resistors, FET or zener
diodes can be used to stabilized the
amplitude
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 22
Wien-bridge oscillator with bulb stabilization
Vrms
irms
Operating
point
+

R
R
C
C
R2
Blub
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 23
Wien-bridge oscillator with diode stabilization
Rf
+

R
R
C
C
R1
Vo
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 24
Twin-T Oscillator
+

low pass filter

high pass filter
low pass region
high pass region
fr
f
Filter output
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 25
Bistable Circuit
+

vo
v1
v+
Vth
+Vcc
-Vcc
vo
v1
-Vth
+Vcc
-Vcc
vo
v1
Vth
+Vcc
-Vcc
vo
v1
-Vth
Ref:06103104HKN EE3110 Oscillator 26
A Square-wave Oscillator
+

vo
vc
vf
vc
vo
+vf
vf
+vmax
vmax