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Intake of food
and the process that
5 Stages of nutrition
As food goes along the alimentary canal, it undergoes the following processes:
INGESTION
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
ASSIMILATION
EGESTION
Breakdown of large, complex and insoluble food molecules into small, soluble particles.
Digested food enters blood and is carried to the liver before going to the rest of the body.
process by which absorbed food is converted to form new cells, for growth and to provide energy.
INGESTION
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION - intake of ready-
DIGESTION
Digestion: process by which body breaks
Chemical digestion: process of breaking down large, insoluble, complex food into smaller, simpler, soluble food particles that can diffuse across cell membranes through the action of enzymes.
can then pass through the cells in the walls of the gut and blood
vessels to get into the blood stream.
JOURNEY OF FOOD
As food enters the mouth, mechanical digestion occurs.The teeth mashes up the food and mixes it with
Teeth
cut, grind and break food into smaller pieces to expose large surface area for enzymes to act on.
Behind Swallowing. . .
Investigation
1. The
voice-box / larynx
moves up.
to
2. This movement causes a flap of tissue called the trachea / wind-pipe epiglottis
close off the entrance of the 3. This prevents the entry of food
particles into the trachea / wind-pipe
Journey of Food
Food then goes through a long winding
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The cells of the
Peristalsis simulation
The muscles in the wall of the canal cause wave-like contractions called Peristalsis. This process can be visualized as a squeezing action, forcing the food along.
JOURNEY OF FOOD
JOURNEY OF FOOD
Sphincter muscles to control the flow of food.
As food enters the stomach, Gastric juices are secreted by gastric glands in the walls of the stomach. Gastric juices contain acids such as HCl and enzymes to digest proteins.
The P.H of stomach is 2.0
Diagram of a Stomach
JOURNEY OF FOOD
A thick , muscular and elastic bag.
Due to its acidic conditions in the stomach, the enzyme amylase does not function here and there is no breakdown of starch molecules into maltose.
Gastric juice = enzyme pepsin + dilute solution of hydrochloric acid Amylase requires an alkaline medium to function HCl stops the action of salivary amylase.
1)
Provides an acidic medium for action of the enzyme pepsin. Kills bacteria.
2)
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The small intestine consists of
Small Intestine
JOURNEY OF FOOD
Small intestine
Ileum
JOURNEY OF FOOD
All the food that have been digested in the small intestine will gets absorbed into the blood stream at the
ileum.
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The function of the large intestine is to absorb water and mineral salts from undigested food. It also stores faeces which are mainly undigested food such as cellulose from the vegetables.
Inverted U colon , large intestine
ileum
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The function of anus is to expel or egest the undigested food (faeces).
Anus
JOURNEY OF FOOD
JOURNEY OF FOOD
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The liver produces a green liquid called bile that helps to break up the fats into smaller droplets . This process is called Emulsification.
The bile is stored in the gall bladder before released into the small intestine.
JOURNEY OF FOOD
The elongated pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
MOUTH
TEETH - for mastication. Teeth cut, grind and break food into smaller pieces to expose large surface area for enzymes to act on. TONGUE - rolls food into bolus. SALIVARY GLANDS produce saliva - softens and moistens food. Saliva contains water, mucus, salivary amylase (ptyalin). Water - as solvent, for hydrolysis. Mucus - sticks food together and lubricates bolus for swallowing Starch ------> Maltose
PHARYNX
EPIGLOTTIS - helps to separate pathway of digestion and respiration I.e. alimentary canal for food and trachea (windpipe) for air. Bolus of food pushed into pharynx by tongue. Epiglottis covers trachea during swallowing. If it does not function properly - coughing reaction.
OESOPHAGUS
Tube connecting pharynx to stomach. Walls made up of circular and longitudinal muscles. PERISTALSIS - muscular waves of contraction along length of alimentary canal. Transports food to stomach.
CARDIAC SPHINCTER - rings of muscle at entrance of stomach. Controls entry of food into stomach.
STOMACH
J-shaped muscular bag. Muscular walls churn and further break food into smaller pieces. Food mixed with gastric juice and mucus to form chyme. Store food for 2 - 6 hours. GASTRIC JUICE - secreted by gastric and mucus glands. Digestive enzymes in gastric juice begin digestion of proteins. PYLORIC SPHINCTER - rings of muscles at exit of stomach. Controls entry of food into duoenum.
SMALL INTESTINE
Long coiled muscular tube with many folds on inner surface, lined by glands. 3 regions - duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Increases surface area for absorption of food. DUODENUM - produces intestinal juice for final stage of digestion. JEJUNUM AND ILEUM - for absorption of digested food materials.
ADAPTATIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE Covering inner surfaces of ileum are villi (finger-like projections) . Each villi is covered with epithelial cells with microvilli (microscopic projections) - further increase surface area. Wall of each villus is very thin, only one cell thick. Allows fast diffusion or active transport.
Intestinal wall and villi richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals.
PANCREAS
Joined to duodenum by pancreatic duct. PANCREATIC JUICE - alkaline, contains many enzymes for hydrolytic food digestion. Water - as solvent, for hydrolysis. PANCREATIC AMYLASE - starch digested into maltose. TRYPSIN - polypeptides digested into peptones.(TRYPSINOGEN activated by ENTEROKINASE from intestinal juice) PANCREATIC LIPASE - fats digested into fatty acids and glycerol Insulin (hormone) - excess glucose converted into glycogen in liver stored. Glucagon (hormone) glycogen converted into glucose in liver and released into blood.
LARGE INTESTINE
Regions - Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus. CAECUM & APPENDIX- non-functional organs in Man. Contains many bacteria to produce vitamins e.g. B1, B2, K. COLON - thick walled, U-shaped tube. Absorbs water, vitamins and mineral salts from the undigested food. MUCUS - lubricates unabsorbed, undigested food.
LARGE INTESTINE
Peristalsis - compacts undigested food into faeces and moves food along colon. RECTUM - stores faeces temporarily. FAECES - undigested food, roughage, bile