INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

BY: PN ROSMAIZURA BINTI ABD RAZIB

 At

the end of this class you should be able to: Describe advantages of networked computer relative to stand alone computer Differentiate between p2p and client server network Differentiate LAN, MAN, WAN Explain element of client server network Distinguish network topologies

WHAT IS NETWORK???

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

Set of devices connected by media links

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

COMPUTER NETWORK

A group of device, known as a node connected to media transmission. The computers can be geographically located anywhere.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

COMPUTER NETWORK
Access to: Internet content & learning resources, Scoilnet etc Email communication File and Print Server CD or Multimedia Servers Computer users

Politeknik Local Area Network (LAN)

Other computer users

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

File Sharing:
Networks offer a quick and easy way to share files directly. Instead of using a disk or USB key to carry files from one computer or office to another, you can share files directly using a network.

Security:

Specific directories can be password protected to limit access to authorized users. Also, files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit" so you dont have to worry about the illegal copying of programs.

Resource Sharing: All computers in the network can share resources such as printers, fax machines, modems, and scanners. Communication: Even outside of the internet, those on the network can communicate with each other via electronic mail over the network system. When connected to the internet, network users can communicate with people around the world via the network. Flexible Access: Networks allow their users to access files from computers throughout the network. This means that a user can begin work on a project on one computer and finish up on another. Multiple users can also collaborate on the same project through the network.

Error reduction and improve consistency:

One can reduce errors and improve consistency by having all staff work from a single source of information, so that standard versions of manuals and directories can be made available, and data can be backed up from a single point on a scheduled basis, ensuring consistency.

NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Peer-to-peer network Client/server network

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

PEER-TO-PEER

Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers. are more commonly implemented where less then ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source

Peer to Peer Network

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

VIDEO

BUILDING A P2P NETWORK

CLIENT/SERVER

are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network

File Server

Other equipmen t

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

P2P vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK Easy to setup. CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK More difficult to set up.

Less expensive.
Can be implemented on a wide range of operating systems.

More expensive to install.

A variety of operating systems can be supported on the client computers, but the server needs to run an operating system that supports networking. Less time consuming to maintain the software being used (as most of the maintenance is managed from the server).

More time consuming to maintain the software being used (as computers must be managed individually).

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

P2P vs C/S
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Very low levels of security supported or none at all. These can be very cumbersome to set up, depending on the operating system being used.

High levels of security are supported, all of which are controlled from the server. Such measures prevent the deletion of essential system files or the changing of settings.
No limit to the number of computers that can be supported by the network. Requires a server running a server operating system. Demands that the network administrator has a high level of IT skills with a good working knowledge of a server operating system.

Ideal for networks with less than 10 computers. Does not require a server. Demands a moderate level of skill to administer the network.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

classification of networks LAN, MAN & WAN

LAN= Local Area Network.

This would include networks where the computers are relatively close together. LANs would be within the same office, a single building, or several buildings close together. A LAN can be constructed only with two computers and one printer only, or can be extended in one building to include audio and video peripherals. LAN size is limited to a distance of several kilometers. Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring. LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.

LAN

Connect devices in a building

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

LAN

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

MAN-metropolitan area network.

MAN is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).

MAN

Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

WAN - wide-area network

A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

WAN

Can send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

INTERNETWORKS

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

INTERNET

is a global network that links computer networks around the world

Internet is from Internetworking word, that meaning of communication between networks.

a network of networks

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

INTRANET

A contained collection of computers and networks within an organization (it may span the globe), connecting the organization's members and/or employees to a range of computer services, resources, and information. firewall is used to separate the Intranet from the Internet and to get permission to access the source.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

INTERNET vs INTRANET

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

Element to all client/server networks

1. Client A computer on the network that requests resources or services from another computer on a network; in some cases, a client could also act as a server. The term client may also refer to the human user of a client workstation or to client software installed on the workstation. 2. Server A computer on the network that manages shared resources; servers usually have more processing power, memory, and hard disk space than clients. They run network operating software that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network

3. Workstations All of the user computers connected to a network are called workstations. A typical workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk drives because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a network workstation

4. network interface card

The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer. Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network. The three most common network interface connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk connectors, and Token Ring cards.

5. Network operating system A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system that is designed primarily to support workstation, personal computer, and, in some instances, older terminal that are connected on a local area network (LAN). A network operating system provides printer sharing, common file system and database sharing, application sharing, and the ability to manage a network name directory, security, and other housekeeping aspects of a network. Unlike operating systems, such as DOS and Windows, that are designed for single users to control one computer, network operating systems (NOS) coordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network. The network operating system acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly. Examples include various types of UNIX and Linux operating systems, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Windows Server 2008, and Mac OS X Server

6. Node A client, server, or other device that can communicate over a network and that is identified by a unique number, known as its network addressers.
7. Connectivity device A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data. A client/server network can operate without connectivity devices. However, medium- and large-sized LANs use them to extend the network and to connect with WANs.

8. Segment A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed of a group of nodes that use the same communications channel for all their traffic. 9. Backbone The part of a network to which segments and significant shared devices (such as routers, switches, and servers) connect. A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a network of networks," because of its role in interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or WAN.

10. Topology The physical layout of a computer network. Topologies vary according to the needs of the organization and available hardware and expertise. Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or star formation, and the star formation is the most common.
11. Transmission media The means through which data is transmitted and received. Transmission media may be physical, such as wire or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

BUS TOPOLOGY
all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable (segment/backbone)connects all the computers in the network in a row. Only one computer can transmit signals or data within a period of time.

Computers in this topology communicate by means of address data to a specific computer and then put the data on the cable in the form of electronic signals. To understand how computers communicate on the network you need to take the following concepts: Transmission signal signal bounce Terminator

1. Transmission signal Data in a network that is in the form of electronic signals, transmitted to all computers on the network. This information will only be accepted by the computer that has an address that matches the address that is encoded by the original signal. Only one computer can transmit signals or data within a period of time

Since only one computer can transmit data at a time, then this will affect the network performance when the number of computers in the network increases. More and more computers are connected to the longer queue for sending computer data and networks will become increasingly slow. But not necessarily a lot of computers connected in a network bus, the main reason due to the number of network to be slow; but it can also be caused by other factors such as: -The ability of computer hardware in the network -The frequency of sending computer data -The type of application being implemented in the network -The type of cable used in networks -The distance between one computer to another computer in the network

Bus is a passive network. Computers in a network bus lines just listen in to find out whether there is data that is sent. This computer does not respond to send data to the computer next to it. If the computer fails, it does not give effect to the entire network.

2. Rebound signal (Signal Bounce) Data in the form of an electronic signal that is sent across the network, will move from the base to the tip of the cable network. If this signal is not stopped, this signal will bounce forward and backward along the line. This will inflicting another computer can not send signals or data; so that this signal should stop after it reached the destination address.

3. Terminator to stop this signal from bouncing, terminator is required at both ends of the cables. it serves to absorb the transmitted signal so that it does not bounce and interfere other computer that waiting to send data. When the growing chain, cables can be extended with the following two methods:

Using a barrel connector, allowing two cable connected.

(It should be noted here: the use of connector will cause the signal to be weakened or lost. If too much use of the connector, this can cause the wrong signal is received.

Using a repeater: which can connect the two cables. Repeater increase signals through it before it is sent to the destination. Repeater is better than the barrel because it can connect two cables length or long distance without having to worry about the loss of data.

Barrel Connector

repeater

Advantages and disadvantages of bus topology

Advantages Quick, reliable in building a small network, easy to use and understand disadvantages a lot of network traffic caused the bus to be slow. Because any computer can send signals at any time, these interfere with each other Each barrel connector will weaken the signal, if too many connections can result in signal is not received correctly

cable to connect the computer does not need much, so prices are cheap

Easy to expand the bus. Two difficult to be recovered cables can be connected to become longer with BNC barrel

STAR TOPOLOGY
The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs.

It connecting all the cables from the computer to a central location, where everything will be connected to a device known as a hub Each computer in a star topology communicate with the central hub that sends the message to the all computers (in a star network broadcast) or only to a certain destination computer Hub in a star network consists of two types: passive and active types

Active Hub:

Re-genarate electrical signal and sends to all computers in the network also known as multiport repeaters. Active hub and switch require a power supply to function.

Passive hub:
such as wiring panel, only act as a source of connection does not strengthen or regenerate any signal through it. It also does not require a power supply to function

STAR TOPOLOGY

Advantages and disadvantages of star topology

Advantages disadvantages

Easier to update and add computers If the central hub fails, the in the stars without disrupting network network fails

Repairs of the network easily done in the center of the stars A damaged computer does not necessarily affect the network

Requires device in the center of stars for rebroadcast, or convert (switch) network traffic higher price because of all the cables must be pulled from the center

Can use several types of cables within the same network, with a hub that can accept different types of cables

RING TOPOLOGY

Every computer connected to the next computer in sequence, and the last computer will resume with the first computer used to produce high-performance network, the network that require special bandwidth for features such as video and audio, or high performance is required when many users access the network. Each computer receives the signal from the computer next to it and send these signals to the computer further. This signal moves in one direction in a circle. Since each computer resend the signal it receives, then the ring topology is an active network. No terminator is required because there is no end to the loop..

Advantages and disadvantages of ring topology

Advantages As each computer is given the same to achieve the token, not a single computer can be a monopoly network disadvantages The failure of a computer will cause a network failure

not easy to repair if damaged Increase or decrease the computer will disrupt the network

MESH/HYBRID TOPOLOGY
In the topologies shown, there is only one possible path from one node to another node. If any cable in that path is broken, the nodes cannot communicate.

Mesh topology uses lots of cables to connect every node with every other node. In Mesh topology, message sent to the destination can take any possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination. Similarly in the Ring topology message can travel in only one direction i.e clockwise or anticlockwise.

Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid/mesh topology

Advantages Durable, eg failure to the media does not disrupt the network compared with other topologies. Relatively easy to be recovered disadvantages Not easy to install and reconfigure (especially if the number of computers a lot)
The cost of maintaining the (redundant link) is high

NETWORKING STANDARDS

There are several organizations in the United States and Europe that produces standards for data communications and computer networks. The role of these organizations are only suggested standards. The organizations are: a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI) b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) f. Internet Society (ISOC) g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI) is a private organization that coordinates all standards organizations in the United States. ANSI standards are among the organizations involved in computer and data communications
b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA) is an organization representing many of expenditures in the electronics industry. Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more focused on electrical standard includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499:

c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is a professional organization will issue a standard in their respective fields and this standard will be adopted by consumers. In the computer world, better known in the developing IEEE standard Local Area Network (LAN) which is designated as IEEE 802.
d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO) is a voluntary organization with membership from several countries. ISO to work with other organizations such as CCITT and ANSI standards to create some standards such as HDLC (High-level data link control)

e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU) an intergovernmental organization through which public and private organizations develop telecommunications. The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a United Nations agency in 1947. It is responsible for adopting international treaties, regulations and standards governing telecommunications.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION IN NETWORKING: SOURCE, CHANNEL, DESTINATION

Communication begins with a message, or information, that must be sent from one individual or device to another. People exchange ideas using many different communication methods. All of these methods have three elements in common.

The first of these elements is the message source, or sender. Message sources are people,or electronic devices, that need to send a message to other individuals or devices. The second element of communication is the destination, or receiver, of the message. The destination receives the message and interprets it. A third element, called a channel,consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message can travel from source to destination.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION IN NETWORKING:

SOURCE, CHANNEL, DESTINATION

channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel. used to convey an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to one or several receivers. Information sent through a communications channel has a source from which the information originates, and a destination to which the information is delivered A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION IN NETWORKING:

SOURCE, CHANNEL, DESTINATION

Source: person with the message Destination: target of the message Channel: voice

RULES OF COMMUNICATION

Attributes of a communication protocol:

MESSAGE ENCODING
Thoughts are encoded into language Language is transmitted to recipient Like language computer data is converted to bits before it is sent over the wire

MESSAGE FORMATTING
Messages must follow a particular formatlike a letter or phone call Messages are encapsulated (addressed) before being sent to the appropriate location On a network messages are formatted into frames

MESSAGE SIZE
Messages have size restrictions depending on the channel used Messages must be of a particular size Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500 bytes

MESSAGE TIMING

Access method
Determines

when a message can be sent This helps avoid collisions

Flow control
Determines

how much information can be sent at any

given time

Response timeout
Determines

what action to take if there is no response in a reasonable time period

NETWORKING HARDWARE
1. NIC NICs provide computers with a connection to the network & it's also handle an important data-conversion function. Each computer on the network, including the servers, is required to have one.

TYPES OF NIC CARD:

Those that are installed on an expansion board inside a computer. PCI NIC PCI Express NIC

THOSE ARE INSTALLED TO THE COMPUTER'S BUS EXTERNALLY:

- PCMCIA ADAPTER, USB PORT, FIREWIRE, COMPACT FLASH NIC.

ON-BOARD NIC - USUALLY AN ETHERNET

PORT AND MODEM JACK ARE PROVIDED INTO THE MOTHERBOARD.

WIRELESS NIC - IS A NETWORK INTERFACE

CONTROLLER WHICH CONNECTS TO A RADIO-BASED.THIS CARD USES AN ANTENNA TO COMMUNICATE THROUGH MICROWAVES.JUST LIKE OTHER NICS, WORKS ON THE LAYER 1 AND LAYER 2 OF THE OSI MODEL.

COMPACT FLASH CARD USB PORT

COMPACT FLASH CARD

WIRELESS NIC

REPEATERS

Repeater is a device that has two port signal amplifiers It is used in BUS topology to extend the network cable connections in excess of the permitted maximum. Signal strength will be diminished as it passes through a long cable, if it exceeds the limit the possibility of the signal will continue to shrink and disappear. Repeater will receive the digital signal from one of the port then amplifies the signal before sending the signal out.

HUB

A hub has two different jobs:

to provide a central point of connection for all of the computers on the network. Every computer plugs into the hub (multiple hubs can be daisy chained together if necessary in order to accommodate more computers). to arrange the ports in such a way so that if a PC transmits data, the data is sent over the other computers receive wires.

HUB

SWITCH

Switch A device that links device such as computers, terminals, printers & provides a mechanism to connect one device to another & communicate directly

BRIDGE

Bridge a device that connects two similar network together.

Router A netwok interconnection device & associated software that links two networks. The networks being linked can be diffrerent, but they must use a common routing protocol.

ROUTERS

QUIZ
1. Devices may be arranged in a _____ topology. A) mesh B) ring C) bus D) all of the above 2. A _______ is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby buildings. A) MAN B) LAN C) WAN D) none of the above 3. A ______ is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world. A) MAN B) LAN C) WAN D) none of the above 4. ________ is a collection of many separate networks. A) A WAN B) An internet C) a LAN D) None of the above .

YOUR TASK: IDENTIFY TYPES OF NETWORK INTERFACE CARD: 1. Card on an expansion board inside a computer (PCI NIC, PCI express NIC) 2. Card installed to the computers bus externally (PCMCIA adapter, USB port, Firewire, Compact flash NIC) 3. Onboard NIC 4. Wireless NIC

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