2.

1BASIC COMPONENT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The most important part of every computer is thecentral processing unit(CPU, or simply a processor). The CPU consists of two (2) main parts:Control UnitandArithmetic Logic Unit(ALU).

Cont

Control unit : is the circuitry that controls the flow of information through the processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within it. In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what happens inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the PC. ALU : is adigital circuitthat performsarithmeticandlogicaloperat ions.

Cont

Main memory- is refer to Random Access Memory (RAM) that stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU. Disk storage is refer to Hard drive that store programs and data that are not currently being used by the CPU. Hard drive stores much more data than a typical PCs RAM up to hundreds of gigabytes. Peripheral devices eg. Graphic card,sound card.

Common Components of Computer

Hardware The physical components that work together to make a computer system or network For example : Monitor, Keyboard, Motherboard, Hard disk, etc

Common Components of Computer

Software Computer programs that perform specific task For example: Operating systems, Program application, hardware drivers (special programs that tell the operating system how to use the hardware).

Common Components of Computer

Firmware Software that has been permanently placed in a hardware component For example : BIOS CHIP

Describe how the PC works

Computer functions through four stages:

Input Processing Output Storage

Knowing which parts participate in a particular stage of the computing process enables you to troubleshoot on a fundamental and decisive level

Input devices to enter the data or information into computer : Keyboard and mouse. Processing devices to process information or data. : microprocessor or CPU and RAM. Output devices display the data or information. : monitor and printer. Storage devices store the data and

Describe how the PC works

Hardware Used for Input and Output

Connects Popular

to computer case by ports (eg, serial, parallel, USB, game, keyboard, mouse) input devices:
Keyboard Mouse

Popular

output devices:

Monitor Printer

Describe how the PC works

Describe how the PC works

The Complete PC

Various primary storage devices and media

There are two types of memory used in computers: Read-only Memory (ROM) can be read but cannot be written to. ROM is used to permanently store data and programs that are always needed. Contents of memory are preserved even when there is no power (non-volatile). Random Access Memory (RAM) can be read from and written to. RAM is used as a temporary data storage location.

ROM

ROM (Read-only Memory) - Programmed by the chip manufacturer - Not erasable PROM (Programmable Read-only Memory) - Programmed by chip manufacturer - Not erasable once programmed EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory) - Programmed by the OEM or user - Erasable by the user with ultraviolet light

ROM

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory; also known as Flash Memory) - Programmed by the chip manufacturer or user - Erasable and re-programmable by the user with software (electronically) - Stores data even without power - Limit to how many times the data in an EEPROM chip can be flashed (modified)

RAM

Static RAM (SRAM) - No refresh required (non-volatile, meaning that no power is required to retain memory contents) - Comes on motherboard (cache memory) as chips, or COAST (cache-on-a-stick) modules - No memory addresses assigned Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - Requires constant refresh (volatile, meaning that power is required to retain memory contents) - Memory addresses assigned - Used as the main system memory and memory on other components - Is slower than SRAM

Word size

ThenumberofbitsthataCPUca nprocessatone time.Processorswithmanydifferentw ordsizeshaveexistedthoughpowers oftwo(8,16,32,64).

Secondary storage devices and media

1) Magnetic tape is a medium formagnetic recording, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip ofplastic. Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape aretape recordersand video tape recorders. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is atape drive.

2) Hard Disk

A hard disk is a thick magnetic disk encased in a thicker protective shell Typically install inside the computer Can hold more information compare to other storage devices Type of hard drive interface - IDE - EIDE (PATA) - SATA - SCSI

3) Optical disk

is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types: read-only (e.g.:CDandCD-ROM), recordable (write-once, e.g.CD-R), or re-recordable (rewritable, e.g.CD-RW). Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music (e.g. for use in aCD player), video (e.g. for use in aDVD player), or data and programs forpersonal computers(PC)

Optical Media

Optical media into two groups:

CDs

and DVDs CDs store around 700 MB and come in three varieties:

CD-ROM (read only memory: you cant change the data on them) CD-R (recordable:you can change the data once) CD-RW (rewritable: you can change thedata on them over and over)

DVDs

store much more dataaround 4 GB

Input devices for particular purpose

Optical mark reader.(OMR) Is a device that interprets pencil marks on paper media such as surveys or test answer forms. Character reader i) OpticalCharacterRecognition(OCR) Is the machine recognition of printed characters. OCR systems can recognize many different OCR fonts, as well as typewriter and computer-printed characters.

Input devices for particular purpose

ii) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is a character recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing ofcheques and makes up the routing number and account number at the bottom of a check.

Input devices for particular purpose

Light pen is the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's CRTTV set ormonitor. Touch Terminal can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. Voice data entry is speech recognition software, which turns

Input devices for particular purpose

Pads and tablets Point of sale Bar code But usually input devices that we know: keyboard mouse scanner microphone

2.2 POWER SUPPLY

Takes electricity from the wall socket and transforms it into electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components The power supply unit (PSU) takes over, converting high-voltage AC into several DC voltages (notably, 5.0, 12.0, and 3.3 volts) usable by the delicate interior components PC uses the 12.0-volt current to power motors on devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives, and it uses the 5.0volt and 3.3-volt current for support of

Power Supplies

Power to the Motherboard

Use a 20- or 24-pin P1 power connector. Some motherboards may require special 4-, 6-, or 8-pin connectors to supply extra power

Power to Peripherals: Molex

Molex Connectors
The

most common type of power connection for devices Need 5-volts or 12-volts of power is the Molex connector The Molex connector has notches, called chamfers, that guide its installation

Power to Peripherals: Mini Connectors

Mini Connectors
A

second type of connector, called a mini connector Supplies 5 and 12 volts to peripherals, although only floppy disk drives in modern systems use this connector

Power to Peripherals: SATA Power Connectors

SATA Power Connectors

Serial

ATA (SATA) hard drives need a special 15pin SATA power connector The larger pin count supports the SATA hotswappable feature, and 3.3 V, 5.0 V, and 12.0 V devices. SATA power connectors are L shaped, making it almost impossible to insert one incorrectly into a SATA drive No other device on your computer uses the SATA power connector

Power to Peripherals: Auxiliary Connector

Motherboard power connector

Commonly

called an AUX connector To supply increased 3.3- and 5.0-volt current to the motherboard

Power Supply Form Factors

All use standard ATX connectors, but differ in size and shape from standard ATX power supplies
TFX12V

A small power form factor optimized for low-profile ATX systems SFX12V A small power form factor optimized for systems using FlexATX motherboards CFX12V An L-shaped power supply optimized for Micro BTX systems LFX12V A small power form factor optimized for low-profile BTX systems

Protecting Yourself Against Electricity

Turn off power and unplug computer Always use a ground bracelet Never touch inside of a computer while it is turned on Never remove cover or put your hands inside monitor or power supply

Static Electricity (or ESD)

Can cause catastrophic failure or upset failure Protection against ESD

Ground bracelet or static strap Ground mats Static shielding bags

Ground Bracelet

Upgrading Your Power Supply

Sometimes necessary when you add new devices Easiest way to fix a power supply you suspect is faulty is to replace it

Troubleshooting the Power System: General Guidelines

Any burnt parts or odors? Everything connected and turned on? Loose cable connections? Computer plugged in? All switches turned on? Wall outlet good? If fan is not running, turn off computer: Connections to power supply secure? Cards securely seated?

Troubleshooting the Power System: General Guidelines

Check for correct wire connections to motherboard Remove nonessential expansion cards one at a time Vacuum entire unit

Troubleshooting an ATX Power Supply

Preventing Overheating

Preventing Overheating (continued)

Energy Star Systems (The Green Star)

Satisfy energy-conserving standards of the US Evironment Protection Agency(EPA). Generally have a standby program that switches device to sleep mode when not in use Apply to computers, monitors, printers, copiers, and fax machines

Power Management Methods

Advanced Power Management (APM) AT Attachment (ATA) for IDE drives Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS) standards for monitors and video cards Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

Power Management Setup Screen

Changing Power Options

UPS
UPS - uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Protects

your computer (and, more importantly, your data) in the event of a power sag or power outage A UPS essentially contains a big battery that will provide AC power to your computer, regardless of the power coming from the AC outlet

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Benefits
Condition

line for brownouts and spikes Provide backup power during a blackout Protect against very high potentially damaging spikes

Considerations
Cost UPS

rating Degree of line conditioning Warranty and service policies