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2. To relate the cost of any constituent element to its importance as a part of the whole project.
Sample Ratios in Building Element Estimates : Laboratory and office Building Design Efficiency
Areas Area of exterior vertical cladding to floor area Area of windows to area of exterior vertical cladding Area of windows to gross floor area Area of roofing to gross floor area Area of partitions to gross floor area Area of internal doors to area of partitions Area of floor finish to floor area Area of ceiling finish to floor area Volume of building to gross floor area Ratios 0.8244 : 1 0.1156 : 1 0.0951 : 1 0.5113 : 1 0.9618 : 1 0.0724 : 1 1.0023 : 1 0.9369 : 1 11.9669 : 1
L.S. 490 m2
30.00
Substructure
a. Normal Foundations. Footing to extend to 4 ft below average finish grade with finish grade at an average of 1 ft below top of foundation walls. Allow for footing size 2 ft 4 ft and foundation wall 10 in. wide and 5 ft high. b. Basement excavations and backfill. Not applicable. c. Special foundations. Not applicable.
Element Substructure a. Normal foundations b. Basement excavations and backfill c. Special foundations Ratio to GFA 0.5000 Quantity 125,000 Unit Unit Cost Sub-total ft2 ft2 ft2 700,000 5.6 700,000 Elem. Total Elem. Cost/ft Cost/ft 2
2
Percent
Substructure
a. Lowest-floor construction. Plain slab 6-in.-thick concrete, including 8-in. of crushed stone, mesh reinforcing, screed and steel trowel finish. b. Upper-floor construction. Steel frame, metal floor deck, joint formwork. c. Roof construction. Steel frame, including 11 2-in.deep galvanized metal deck.
Elem. Unit Cost Sub-total Elem. Total Cost/ft Cost/ft 2 Percent
2
Exterior Cladding
a. Roof finish. Build-up roof system, including wood cants, nailers, flashings, and 2 in. of rigid insulation for low-rise building. b. Walls below ground floor.
c. Walls above ground floor. 12-in. composite wall with 4-in. modular brick facing, vapor barrier, 6-mm metal stud, 4-mm batt insulation, metal furring, and drywall.
d. Windows. Aluminum frames with baked enamel finish. Thermally broken with one operable vent and sealed tinted double glazing. e. Exterior doors and screens. Aluminum framing with baked enamel finish thermally broken, sealed double glazing.
Element Exterior cladding a. Roof finish b. Walls below ground floor c. Walls above ground floor d. Windows e. Exterior doors and screens Ratio to GFA 0.5102 0.0000 0.8861 0.1446 0.0136 Quantity 127,550 221,525 36,150 3,400 Unit ft 2 ft 2 ft 2 ft 2 Elem. Unit Cost Sub-total Elem. Total Cost/ft Cost/ft 2 Percent
2
Interior Partitions
a. Permanent partitions. Metal stud partitions, 4-in. thick with a single layer of 1 2-in. drywall on both sides. 8-in. concrete block fire walls with metal furring and drywall either side. b. Movable partitions. c. Doors. Hollow-steel honeycombed doors in 18 -in. frames, including hardware for residential buildings.
Element Interior partitions a. Permanent partition b. Movable partitions c. Doors Ratio to GFA 0.7007 0.0000 0.0025 Quantity 175,175 0 625 Unit ft2 ft2 each Elem. Unit Cost Sub-total Elem. Total Cost/ft Cost/ft 2 Percent
2
5.03 0 660
Vertical Movement
a. Stairs. Metal pan stairs, 5 ft wide 10 ft rise with half landings, including precast terrazzo treads and landings and picket railings. b. Elevator and escalators. Not applicable.
Quantity
Unit
20 flights 0 number
5700 0
114,000 0 114,000
Interior Finishes
a. Floor finishes. Quarry tile in vestibule, ceramic tile in washrooms, and vinyl acetate tile elsewhere. b. Ceiling finishes. Acoustic tile throughout. c. Wall finishes. Tape, fill, and paint.
Ratio to GFA 0 0
Quantity
200000 0 200,000
Electrical
a. Services. Complete electrical installation, including electric heating. b. Lighting and power. Lighting throughout. c. Systems. Not applicable.
Ratio to GFA 1 1 0
Mechanical
a. Plumbing and drains. Allowance for residential buildings. b. Fire protection. One head per 120 ft2 ($190/head). c. HVAC. Room top system, 0.0001 ton of cooling per square foot of gross floor area.
Quantity
Unit
Ratio to GFA
Quantity 7%
Unit
Site Development
a. General. Rough grade, spread imported topsoil, fine grade, and place sod. Roads and parking, including 6-in. of crushed stone base, 3 in. of double-layer asphalt, and precast concrete curbs. Walks and steps 4 ft wide, including 4 in. of crushed stone base, 5 in. of concrete, mesh and broom finish. Include a planting allowance for trees and shrubs (allowance $250,000). b. Mechanical and electrical. Site drainage and services to the building (allow $100,000). c. Alterations. Not applicable. d. Demolition. Not applicable.
Element Site development a. General b. Mechanical and electrical c. Alterations d. Demolition Ratio to GFA 0 0 0 0 Quantity Unit allow allow m2 m2 Elem. Unit Cost Sub-total Elem. Total Cost/ft Cost/ft 2 Percent
2
Contingencies
a. Design. Allow 6%. b. Escalation. Allow 2%. c. Construction. Allow 3%.
Ratio to GFA
Quantity 6% 2% 3%
Unit
Element Substructure a. Normal foundations b. Basement excavations and backfill c. Special foundations Structure a. Lowest-floor construction b. Upper-floor construction c. Roof construction Exterior cladding a. Roof finish b. Walls below ground floor c. Walls above ground floor d. Windows e. Exterior doors and screens Interior partitions a. Permanent partition b. Movable partitions c. Doors Vertical Movement a. Stairs b. Elevators
Quantity 125,000
Unit ft 2 ft ft 2
2
Elem. Unit Cost Sub-total Elem. Total Cost/ft 2 Cost/ft 2 Percent 5.60 700,000 2.80 0.00 0.00 700,000 2.80 1.12 4.60 3.36 2,268,029 9.07 2.73 0.00 15.32 5.03 0.53 5,901,989 23.61 3.52 0.00 1.65 1,293,630 5.17 0.46 0.00 114,000 0.46 0.7% 7.5% 34.2% 13.1% 4.1%
ft ft 2 ft 2
ft 2 ft 2 ft 2 ft 2
175,175 0 625
ft 2 ft 2 each
5.03 0 660
881,130 0 412,500
0.00008 0
20 flights 0 number
5700 0
114,000 0
Interior finishes a. Floor finishes b. Ceiling finishes c. Wall finishes Fittings and equipment a. Fittings and fixtures b. Equipment Electrical a. Services b. Lighting and power c. Systems Mechanical a. Plumbing and drains b. Fire protection c. HVAC Overhead and Profit Net building cost Site development a. General b. Mechanical and electrical c. Alterations d. Demolition Contingencies a. Design b. Escalation c. Construction Total Building Cost
1 1 2.2874
ft ft 2 ft 2
1.35 1.50 1.99 4.84 0.8 0 200,000 0.80 4.40 2.30 0.00 1,675,000 6.70 5.68 1.58 3.80 11.05 16.0% 4.52 6.5% 69.02 100.0% 9.7% 1.2% 7.0%
0 0
each each
200000 0
1 1 0
250,000 250,000 0
ft ft 3 ft 4
1,100,000 575,000 0
0 0 0 0
allow allow m2 m2
6% 2% 3%
1,059,000 353,000 529,500 1,941,500 19,591,500 Use 19,600,000 + 15% 7.77 78.37 -
Estimate note: The total cost is within the range predicted by the preliminary estimate (19,000,000+25%)