AUDIO

Presentation by Jhansirani.R Assoc.prof/ECE

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Audio
Two types of audio signal

Speech signal as used in a variety of interpersonal applications including telephony and video telephony
Music-quality audio as used in applications such as CD-on-demand and broadcast television Audio can be produced either naturally by means of a microphone or electronically using some form of synthesizer
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Sampling
To include sound in a multimedia application, the sound waves must be converted from analog to digital form

This conversion is called sampling every fraction of a second a sample the of sound is recorded in digital bits

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The bandwidth of a typical speech signal varies from 50Hz -10 kHz and that of a music signal from 15Hz 20 kHz

Hence sampling rate must be in excess of nyquist rate which is 20 Kbps for speech and 40 Kbps for music. No of bits per sample must be chosen so that the quantization noise generated by the sampling process is at acceptable level relative to minimum signal level Tests have recommended the use of a minimum of 12 bits per sample for speech and 16 bits for music For stereo sound bit rate must be double thatFree a mono signal of Powerpoint Templates Page 4

 In practice, both the sampling rate used and the number of bits per sample are often less than these values In speech, BW of network used is often much less than the BW of the source signal thus dictating a lower sampling rate with fewer bits per sample. In music, sampling rate is lowered in order to reduce the amount of memory that is required to store a music

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Problem:
Assuming the BW of a speech signal is from 50Hz to 10KHz and that of a music signal is from 15Hz to 20KHz, derive the bit rate that is generated by the digitization procedure in each case assuming the Nyquist sampling rate is used with 12bps for the speech signal and 16bps for the music signal. Derive the memory required to store a 10 minute passage of stereophonic music.

Ans: Bit rates: Nyquist rate = 2fmax

Speech: 2x10 = 20KHz, 12bps 20x12 = 240kbps Music: 2x20 = 40KHz, 16bps 40x16 = 640Kbps (mono), 2x640 = 1280Kbps

(stereo)
Memory req = 1280x103x600/8 = 96Mbytes Free Powerpoint Templates
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PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) speech

Initially a PSTN operated with analogue signals throughout, the source speech signal being transmitted and switched in its original form However, today these have been replaced with digital circuits In order to support interworking of the analogue and digital circuits the design of the digital equipment is based on the analogue network operating parameters The BW of a speech circuit was limited to 200 Hz to 3.4 kHz, also nyquist rate is 6.8KHz

Sampling rate of 8KHz is required to avoid aliasing

The digitization procedure is known as Free Powerpoint Templates pulse code modulation Page 7

PCM Signal encoding and decoding principles

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PCM Speech Compressor/Expander Characteristics

In linear quantization irrespective of the signal amplitude same level of quantization noise is produced ( noise level is same for the quiet signals and loud signals)

Pulse Code Modulation consists of two additional circuits: Compressor (encoder) and Expander (decoder) to help reduce the effect of quantization noise with just 8 bits per sample, making the intervals nonlinear with narrower intervals for small amplitude signals than larger amplitude signals. This is achieved by the means of the compressor circuit Free Powerpoint Templates

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PCM Speech Compressor/Expander Characteristics

The analogue output from the DAC is passed to the expander circuit which performs the reverse operation of the compressor circuit The overall operation is known as companding The compression and expansion characteristics is known as A-law in Europe, -law in north America and Japan.
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CD- quality audio

The discs used in CD players and CD-ROMs are digital storage devices for stereophonic music and more general multimedia information streams. Standard associated with these devices known as CD-digital audio (CD-DA) standard. Music: BW- 15Hz to 20KHz, sampling rate 40Kbps. Actual rate used is higher than this rate, to allow imperfections in the band limiting filter used and the bit rate is compatible with one of the higher transmission channe3l bitrates available. Sampling rate used is 44.1 ksps which means the signal is sampled at 23s intervals. Since the BW of a recording channel on a CD is large, high number of bits per sample can be Free used. Powerpoint Templates Page 11

CD- quality audio

Bit rate per channel = sampling rate x bits per sample = 44.1 x 103 x 16 = 705.6 Kbps = 2 x 705.6 = 1.411Mbps This is the bit rate used with CD-ROMs which are widely used for multimedia titles. In computer, to reduce the access delay, multiples of this rate are used.

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Synthesized audio
The amount of memory required to store a digitized audio can be very large, even for short passages Synthesized audio is used in multimedia applications, since the amount of memory required is 2 to 3 times less than that required for equivalent digitized form. It is much easier to edit synthesized audio and to mix several passages.
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Synthesized audio
The 3 main components are the computer, keyboard, sound generators. The computer takes input commands from the keyboard and outputs these to the sound generators which produce the corresponding sound waveform via DAC - to drive the speakers

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 Pressing a key has similar effects to pressing a keyboard of a computer. For each key press a different codeword (message indicating the key pressed and the pressure applied) is generated

The control panel contains range of different switches and sliders that collectively allow the user to indicate to the program information such as the volume of the generated output and selected sound effects to be associated with each key Secondary storage interface allows the sequence of messages, including control panel relating to a particular piece of audio to be saved on secondary storage like floppy disk.
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 In addition there are programs to allow user to edit or mix several passages.
The sequence program associated with the synthesizer then ensures that the resulting integrated sequence are synchronized and output to sound generators to create merged passage. As well as a (piano) keyboard, there is other inputs from instruments such as electric guitar, all of which generate messages similar to those produced by the keyboard. To discriminate between the inputs from different possible sources, a standard known set of messages have been defined for both i/pt & o/pt to the corresponding set of sound generators: Music Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
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MIDI
This also defines the type of connectors, cables, & electrical signals that are used to connect any type of device to the synthesizer. The format of a MIDI message consist of : Status byte - This defines the particular event that has caused the message to be generated Data bytes Which collectively define a set of parameters (pressure applied, identity of the key) associated with the event Event A key being pressed It is important to identify the different types of Free Powerpoint Templates instruments that generated the events Page 17

 Each instrument has a MIDI code associated with it

e.g Piano has a code of 0 and violin 40 Some codes have been assigned for special effects such as sound from cannon and applause Since the music is in the form of MIDI messages it is vital to have a sound card in the client computer to interpret the sequence A passage of audio produced by a synthesizer consist of a very compact sequence of messages, each comprising a string of bytes, which can either be played out by the sequencer program directly and hence heard by the composer or saved in Powerpoint Templates Free a file.

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